Authors: Ankit Raj , Japho Esther Rani ABSTRACT India is heavily dependent on energy imports, leaving its macroeconomic stability sensitive to global fuel supply shocks and price volatility. The analysis of this paper explains the impact of international oil price fluctuations in low-income households through direct price pass-through, fiscal policy interventions, and indirect inflationary trends. Incorporating unit-level data from the Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022–23 and the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) 2022–23, this study analyzes household consumption adjustments and the distributional incidence of fuel subsidies across rural and urban income cohorts between 2019 and 2023. Bivariate and descriptive analysis reveal an extreme spending polarization: while fuel budget shares remain rigid across all income levels, the poorest rural households devote nearly 60% of their monthly budgets to food security, leaving them zero financial buffer during oil shocks. Furthermore, the findings expose a distinct pro-rich bias in the absolute delivery of fuel interventions, where wealthy urban households capture up to ₹2,540.8 in annual subsidy benefits compared to just ₹635.2 captured by the rural poor. that universal fuel subsidies are failing to protect vulnerable populations and recommend transitioning toward targeted Direct Benefit Transfers (DBT) and progressive subsidy reduction mechanisms.

Author: Keertana Deepak | St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai | Email: keertanadeepak@gmail.comABSTRACT This research examines the structural transformation of India’s education sector from 1999 to 2025, focusing on the nexus between privatization, escalating costs, and labor market outcomes. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study finds a significant paradox: while primary private enrollment tripled to 45% and gender parity was achieved in secondary schooling, the qualitative dividend remains constrained. Econometric analysis reveals that while privatization correlates with higher test scores, it imposes severe affordability thresholds that limit advanced attainment for low-income households. Furthermore, a persistent education-employment mismatch results in high unemployment and a 7% wage penalty for overeducated workers, particularly women. The findings suggest that unchecked marketization has transitioned the system from an engine of mobility into a mechanism for reproducing privilege. We advocate for a shift toward outcome-oriented policies, rigorous private sector regulation, and reaching the 6% GDP public spending benchmark to secure India’s demographic dividend.

Authors: Shanmukha Priya, K.Susanth, Palak, Ivan Thakur, Kemaya ABSTRACT This research examined the constitutional analysis of Euthanasia and Santhra. We aim to understand whether Santhra comes under the ambit of the right to die with dignity, as Euthanasia does. Currently, Santhra’s legal status is debated and not explicitly settled in constitutional law or court decisions. Our methodology includes legal foundations, such as constitutional law and court decisions, as primary sources. Secondary sources include law books, scholarly writings, and research papers, to analyse constitutional doctrines such as essential religious practices. Our main research is based on laws and past court decisions on euthanasia. We conducted a survey to understand people’s discernment on euthanasia, santhara, dignity, autonomy, and religious freedom to ensure unbiased results. Our key findings include the evolution of the right to die through landmark cases. As well as people’s responses in the form. A comparative case study approach was used to examine different perspectives on euthanasia and Santhra. We have used a comparative analysis approach to analyse the legal and constitutional distinction between Enthanasia and Santhra within the broader framework of fundamental rights and Judicial reasoning.

Authors: Devine Odiley, Kushaal Kackar, Palak Since its establishment in 1995, the World Trade Organization (WTO) has functioned as the central institutional pillar of the multilateral trading system, tasked with promoting trade liberalisation, reducing uncertainty in international commerce, and supporting economic development. The organisation’s institutional framework is formally grounded in the principles of sovereign equality and consensus-based decision-making, suggesting a rules-based system in which all member states participate on equal footing (Maswood, 2005). In practice, however, scholars in international political economy have long questioned whether this formal equality translates into substantive equality in influence and outcomes. A substantial body of literature argues that the WTO operates within broader global power hierarchies that privilege economically dominant states. These hierarchies manifest in agenda-setting practices, technical capacity disparities, and informal negotiating procedures that allow powerful members to shape outcomes in ways that align with their domestic economic interests (Wolfe, 2007; Kahler, 2013). As a result, the WTO has often been characterised less as a neutral arbiter of trade rules and more as a site of strategic bargaining in which structural power is reproduced through institutional processes (Balaam & Dillman, 2019). This paper examines how power relations within the WTO influence global development outcomes, with particular attention to industrialisation and export diversification in developing and least-developed countries. By combining institutional analysis with comparative economic indicators, the study seeks to connect the politics of trade governance with observable patterns of structural transformation. The central argument is that although the WTO has contributed to the expansion of global trade and the consolidation of a predictable legal framework, its institutional practices and rule structures continue to reflect asymmetries that constrain the development strategies of weaker members.

Author: Sauhardi Uniyal Abstract While the gig economy appears to offer flexibility, autonomy, and economic liberation, the reality for many workers is the opposite; gig workers are subjected to insecure jobs, algorithmic manipulation, and continued deprivation of basic worker rights. This article details how gig employers used misclassification and algorithmic control to create new forms of job exploitation disguised as new technologies. It draws on various sources of government statistics and compares the gig economy to other labor markets to show that the gig economy was not a true source of flexibility, but instead has been an instrument of labor casualization and erosion of workers’ most fundamental rights. This evolving trend requires immediate regulatory attention.

Author: Maheen Yaseen Introduction Diversity in India has led to coexistence of a lot of communities or social groups which at lot of times are either represented to a majoritarian extent or to a middle ground where you have enough population which can raise awareness for the communities and alas at last you have communities whose existence is even considered a bane. Pastoralist community in India, “members of caste or ethnic groups with a strong traditional association with livestock-keeping, where a substantial proportion of the group derive over 50% of household consumption from livestock products or their sale, and where over 90% of animal consumption is from natural pasture or browse and where households are responsible for the full cycle of livestock breeding.”

AUTHOR: DEVANSHI MEHTA This report examines India’s new Digital Personal Data Protection (DPDP) Act 2023 and accompanying DPDP Rules 2025 through legal-doctrinal, comparative, and analytical lenses We analyse the Act’s provisions (consent, data-principal rights, fiduciary duties, exemptions, localisation), identify critical gaps (consent asymmetries, broad state powers, digital divide, enforcement weaknesses), and assess democratic risks (surveillance, chilling of dissent, transparency deficits). Historical context (from global privacy norms to the Puttaswamy judgment and Aadhaar cases) frames the discussion. Comparative analysis considers GDPR (EU), CCPA (California), and data governance in Germany, France, and South Korea. We propose innovations and best practices (data audits, public literacy drives, data trusts, and transparency tools) and outline a policy roadmap to strengthen India’s digital safeguards while preserving democratic values. Key findings include that while the DPDP Act formally recognizes data rights, sweeping exemptions for the state, weak enforcement architecture, and persistent inequalities risk undermining privacy protections. The report concludes with recommendations to reconcile India’s welfare-democratic identity with robust digital rights and outlines likely developments over the next five years.

Authors: Aditi Sarkar; Adreeja Bagchi INTRODUCTION Sustainability, whose major focus is on environmental and economic practices to bring inclusive growth, has become a governance and legal issue and no longer remains a questionof ethics, compliance and social responsibility. According to section 135 of the Companies Act 2013, every eligible company must spend at least 2% of its average net profits on social impact activities that benefit society at large. CSR by itself is a small part of sustainability, but it certainly makes companies more accountable to society, which is a positive step. However, CSR spending does not necessarily imply an extensive sustainable business. Section 166 of the Companies Act of 2013 provides a legal basis for integration of sustainability. The directors duties codified in this section, promotes the objectives of the company wherein the director must act in good faith. The director are required to act towards promoting the objectives of the company for the benefit of the members as a whole. This idea has been further strengthened through judicial precedents along with section (2)2 wherein the below consideration came about: Section 166 of the Companies Act of 2013, provides a legal basis for integration of sustainability. The directors duties codified in this section, promotes the objectives of the company wherein the director must act in good faith. The director are required to act towards promoting the objectives of the company for the benefit of the members as a whole. This idea has been further strengthened through judicial precedents1 along with section (2)2 wherein the below consideration came about: Download the Paper below to read more:

Authors: Kritvi Dutta & Ishita Kumar Precarity among university students represents a structurally produced condition of instability that shapes academic engagement, financial security, and psychological well-being. This quantitative study examines how financial and academic experiences influence well-being and perceived support among 209 undergraduate and postgraduate students in India. Using a cross-sectional survey design, the study employed descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis to assess relationships between key variables. Results indicate that academic experiences emerged as a significant positive predictor of well-being and support (p<.001), while financial experiences did not demonstrate a statistically significant direct effect. Qualitative responses, however, reveal that financial precarity operates subtly—constraining career choices, intensifying academic stress, and shaping students’ emotional experiences. The findings suggest that well-being is determined by the interplay of academic demands, structural constraints, and institutional responses, rather than isolated events. Addressing student precarity requires moving beyond individualised resilience frameworks toward structural reforms that integrate well-being into academic environments, recognise the diverse realities of student populations, and embed support systems within institutional practice rather than leaving students to navigate instability alone.