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Climate Action

Green Finance in India: A New Normal to Sustainable Development

This image beautifully illustrates the concept of green finance, merging the themes of sustainable urban development, financial investment, and environmental stewardship. The juxtaposition of modern buildings symbolizes innovative urban infrastructure, while the representation of money highlights the vital financial support needed for green initiatives. Lush plants interwoven into the design serve as a reminder of our commitment to fostering eco-friendly practices that enhance both economic growth and ecological health. Together, these elements embody the promise of a sustainable future where cities thrive in harmony with nature.

November 16, 2024 No Comments

Decent Work and Economic Growth

Global Economy and its impact

The global economy refers to the interconnected economic activities of countries worldwide, shaped by trade, investment, production, and consumption across borders. It involves the flow of goods, services, capital, and labor among nations, facilitated by institutions like the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Key features include globalization, economic interdependence, and the rise of multinational corporations.

October 20, 2024 No Comments

Health

Resilience and stress

Contemporary Concept of Resilience and Stress Introduction This research has been conducted with respect to the relevance of resilience in managing stress as contemporary society experiences more complicated forms of stressors. Indeed, referring to a process of positive coping with adversity, trauma, or significant stress, stress is defined as the response of the body to outside pressures. Fletcher & Sarkar (2020); González-Torres et al. (2021). Research concentration is on the fact that resilience is not innate and can be developed through interventions as well as environmental exposures (Lee et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022). In this manner, mastery of stress-regulating mechanisms must be learned in order to survive the modern hectic way of living. Conceptualization of Resilience and Stress Resilience is a process that is fluid, integrating aspects such as emotional regulation, cognitive flexibility, and social support (Poudel & Gautam, 2022; Zhou & Yu, 2020). Stress, on the other hand, is a psychological and physiological response to real or perceived threats. Chronic stress leads to unhealthy outcomes, such as anxiety and depression. It has been well known that high resilience is always associated with low stress levels, and hence it must be some mechanism through which resilience reduces the damage caused by stress (Kim & Park, 2021; Poudel & Gautam, 2022). Role of Resilience in Handling Stress Resilience helps individuals cope with stress more efficiently by providing adaptive coping strategies, such as solving problems and the regulation of emotions. Individuals with elevated resilience are likely to adopt optimistic coping strategies, such as seeking social support, which reduces their perceived level of stress (Smith et al., 2021; Zhou & Yu, 2020). Resilience also enhances cognitive flexibility, in that it provides the individual with the option of changing stressful situations with a more positive explanation of the situation (Rutter et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2022). Another resilience element is emotional regulation, which helps a person cope with the stress process by maintaining psychological stability (Kim & Park, 2021; Smith et al., 2021). Social Support: Buffer for Resilience Against Stress Social support is the most significant resilience factor because it has direct access to any needed emotional and practical resources that help people cope with the stress process. The findings suggest that people who have robust social networks experience more resilient events than others and have limited consequences of stress (Wang et al., 2022; Thompson et al., 2021). Relations that are supportive can lead people to use resilient behaviors such as emotional regulation during stress events (Thompson et al., 2021). Social support is also a kind of resistance to work-related stress and prevents burning out, particularly in stressful professions like healthcare (Li & Zhang, 2020; Bakker et al., 2020). Resilience Training and Interventions There are different types of intervention, including resilience training, whose techniques build up emotional regulation and increase cognitive flexibility, making it easier for a person to face stress. Williams et al. (2021) noted that resilience training decreases stress and fosters mental well-being significantly. Among some of the interventions promising results with their attempt to enhance resilience and reduce stress among individuals, especially for healthcare professionals, are mindfulness-based interventions (Johnson & O’Connor, 2021; Robinson et al., 2020). Within cognitive-behavioral strategies highlighted within resilience training, this can reduce burnout in high-stress jobs (McEwen et al., 2022). COVID-19 Impact on Resilience and Stress The unprecedented stress of the COVID-19 pandemic underlined the role of resilience in maintaining mental health. People with better resilient levels could cope with pandemic-related stress and uncertainty (Sullivan & Ryan, 2021; Lee et al., 2020). Low stress and strong adaptive coping skills such as social support and self-care were also observed in resilient people during the pandemic (Lee et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2021). Finally, the level of resilience was said to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression in dealing with a crisis (Zhao et al., 2021; Sullivan & Ryan, 2021). Conclusion Resilience is vital to stress management as it encompasses regulation of emotions, cognitive flexibility, and social support (Fletcher & Sarkar, 2020; Kim & Park, 2021). Stress reduces not only the negative effects of stress on mental health but also improves adaptive coping mechanisms to enhance wellness (Wang et al., 2022; Smith et al., 2021). Resilience training along with mindfulness-based interventions also proved to have a highly positive influence in high-stress conditions on affected individuals, hence reducing stress and burnout prevention (Johnson & O’Connor, 2021; Robinson et al., 2020). Resilience was further stressed on due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which navigates crises while maintaining mental health (Zhao et al., 2021; Lee et al., 2020). References 1. Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2020). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. European Psychologist, 25(4), 231-243. 2. González-Torres, M., et al. (2021). The role of stress in mental health. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 77(2), 456-467. 3. Poudel, S., & Gautam, A. (2022). Resilience as a predictor of academic success and well-being. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 15, 231-244. 4. Zhou, Y., & Yu, M. (2020). The role of resilience in managing stress: A systematic review. Stress and Health, 36(3), 207-221. 5. Kim, J., & Park, S. (2021). Resilience in the face of adversity: Stress management in clinical settings. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 43(1), 42-55. 6. Rutter, M., et al. (2020). Resilience as a process in stress management. Psychological Review, 127(4), 622-638. 7. Smith, J., et al. (2021). Emotional regulation as a mediator in the resilience-stress relationship. Emotion, 21(5), 936-949 8. Bakker, A. B., et al. (2020). Proactive coping and resilience in the workplace. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 25(6), 419-433. 9. Wang, X., et al. (2022). Social support and resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Affective Disorders, 296, 21-29. 10. Thompson, R., et al. The role of social support in promoting resilience. Psychology and Aging, 36(1), 48-62. 11. Li, Q., & Zhang, H. The role of resilience in burnout and stress: A study on Chinese workers. Occupational Health Psychology Review, 30(2), 101-118. 12. Dawson, A., et al. University students’ longitudinal academic

October 20, 2024 No Comments

Health

Ageing and Loneliness from a Gero-Psychological Lens

by Bhavya Gupta As individuals age, they face different challenges of ageing, especially the deepening of loneliness in their population. This article focuses specifically on the geropsychological viewpoint of ageing and loneliness. Various factors contributing to loneliness were estimated to explain the extent to which people in old age feel socially isolated, based on the different types of loneliness. The different variables for explanation were drawn from socio-emotional selectivity theory and the cognitive perspective on loneliness. Major life transitions, psychological factors like cognition in old age, poor health and lifestyle among the elders are seen as significant contributors. Various intervention strategies such as coping techniques, community-based engagements and technology-driven solutions are presented as mitigation strategies for loneliness. The article aims to focus on views to understand loneliness and the promotion of social participation for the older population. Introduction According to Shukla (2023), ageing can be defined as the progressive deterioration of physiological functions and increased vulnerability to diseases. According to the American Psychological Association (2018), Gero psychology aims to deal with and enhance mental health in the elderly via different psychological services. The challenges of ageing include health, social, and economic factors. The other associated problems are multimorbidities and comorbidities, increased anxiety and depression due to social isolation, caregiving gaps and negative discriminating stereotypes against the elderly (Kovalev, 2022). Researchers like Pascalidis and Bathelt (2024), indicate loneliness as a risk factor for diseases like depression, anxiety and premature mortality. By focusing on the determinants and mitigating factors of loneliness one can inform effective interventions such as tailored support programs that enhance social engagement and self-esteem among the elderly (Satorres et al., 2024; McDaid & Park, 2023). Understanding Loneliness in Old Age Loneliness is an affective and cognitive discomfort or uneasiness caused by being or feeling alone or otherwise solitary (APA, 2018). Old-age loneliness damages well-being, physical and mental health, and mortality rates (Dahlberg et al., 2022). These claims are consistent with a resource-based perspective on loneliness (Tesch-Römer & Huxhold, 2019) and are comparable to the findings of a meta-analysis, which revealed that both income and education are associated with loneliness, with income having the greatest influence (Pinquart & Sörensen, 2003). According to a study by Pikhartova and colleagues (2016), feeling older is associated with increased loneliness suggesting that older adults’ subjective perceptions of loneliness and ageing should be investigated further. Types of Loneliness Based on distinct relational deficits and experiences, loneliness can be divided into three types: Emotional Loneliness. It is caused by the absence of intimate relationships, such as a close friend or partner, resulting in feelings of isolation and longing for connection which further can harm mental health (Barletta, 2022; Jackson, 2024). Social Loneliness. Loneliness in social terms occurs when people feel isolated from their community circles and they lack a sense of belonging and friendships this further is linked to broader societal changes such as individualism and urbanization which further weaken communal bonds (Barletta, 2022; Cyriac, 2022). Existential Loneliness. It is the isolation that stems from realizing one’s inherent aloneness, lack of purpose or connection to something greater in life which is accompanied by feelings of emptiness and meaninglessness (Tilburg, 2021; Schoenmakers & Tromp, 2022). Understanding these types of loneliness is critical when examining the factors that contribute to them in old age. Factors contributing to Loneliness in Old Age According to Socio-emotional selectivity theory (SST; Carstensen et al., 2021), age brings the valuation of emotionally meaningful relationships, and loneliness is a consequence when it subsides in old age. Loneliness in older adults is caused by several key factors, including: Life Transitions: Major transitions in an individual’s life can create a void or feeling of isolation and further loneliness. In old age, retirement and bereavement frequently cause significant changes in social networks, leading to isolation and loneliness (Kim & Chey, 2023). Psychological Factors: Loneliness is further multiplied by failing cognitive skills since elderly people cannot even maintain relationships as they become old (Park et al., 2022; Kulaieva, 2022). Health: Poor health limits senior citizens from participating in specific activities, thereby hindering them from expanding their social lives (Park et al., 2022). Health issues can limit mobility and social participation, further isolating elders (Lee et al., 2024). Other Factors: Other determinants of loneliness among this age group are most of whom live alone. For instance, research indicates that 73.2% of stayers living alone, develop loneliness (Lee et al., 2024). Intervention Strategies Effective coping techniques and intervention strategies including social support systems, technology-based and community-based interventions can help reduce isolation among the elderly. Group-based interventions such as clubs volunteering and community events can reduce loneliness by fostering social interaction and shared experiences (Shekelle et al., 2024; Sivakumar et al., 2024) The elderly are increasingly accessing digitalisation and AI-based interventions due to advancements in technology. Web-based cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is designed for the elderly and aims to enhance engagement and efficacy simultaneously. Training seniors to use technology can improve communication with loved ones and reduce loneliness (Dworschak et al., 2024; Shekelle et al., 2024). A multifaceted approach that includes mental health resources, meaningful activities, and supportive environments is required to address loneliness comprehensively (Patil & Braun, 2024; Fakoya et al., 2023). Personalised support services that encourage social participation have proven effective, particularly when they align with the participants’ interests (McDaid & Park, 2023). Conclusion Loneliness in old age remains a complex and multifactorial issue that impacts the mental, emotional and physical well-being of the older generation. As this article highlights, factors such as life transitions, cognitive decline, poor health and lifestyle changes contribute to the deepening of loneliness among the elders. By understanding emotional, social and existential loneliness- geropsychological insights can help address these challenges. Effective intervention strategies offer promising ways to reduce loneliness and improve the quality of life for the ageing population. Moreover, a comprehensive personalized approach that fosters social participation and addresses the unique needs of older adults is essential in mitigating the adverse effects of loneliness among elders. References Antsupov, A., & Kovalev, V.

October 20, 2024 No Comments

International Relations (I.R.) ( Book Review)

Geopolitics and International Security

By Daksh Rupani Geopolitics and International Security Geopolitics and international security are crucial fields of study that investigate the ways in which geography affects political power and how nations seek to safeguard their interests from various threats. These areas are closely interlinked, shaping how countries manage alliances, conflicts, and competition on the global stage. In today’s increasingly interconnected world, understanding these concepts is more important than ever, especially as new global powers rise, climate change accelerates, and technological advancements continue to reshape international relations. Geopolitics: A Historical Perspective Geopolitics has played a vital role in statecraft throughout history, with ancient empires like Rome and Persia using geographic advantages to grow their influence. The concept became more formalised in the 20th century when scholars like Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman developed theories linking geographic positioning to global dominance. These ideas continue to be relevant today, as countries like the United States, China, and Russia leverage their geographic strengths in their pursuit of power. Geopolitical Shifts in the 21st Century The 21st century has witnessed major shifts in global power dynamics. The unipolar world, characterised by U.S. dominance after the Cold War, is evolving into a multipolar system with several countries vying for global influence. China, in particular, has risen as a significant geopolitical player, challenging U.S. influence through initiatives like the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which seeks to enhance trade connections between Asia, Europe, and Africa. Russia has also played a pivotal role in recent geopolitical events, particularly through its efforts to reassert control over former Soviet territories. The 2022 invasion of Ukraine marked a turning point in modern geopolitics, triggering a global crisis and raising questions about the future of European security and NATO’s capacity to maintain peace on the continent. Russia’s actions have reignited debates about the return of great power competition and the waning of U.S. global leadership. International Security: Evolving Threats Alongside geopolitical changes, the nature of international security threats has evolved. While traditional military conflicts between nations persist, new challenges—such as cyber warfare, terrorism, and pandemics—have become pressing concerns. For example, cyber warfare has become a major focus as state-sponsored cyberattacks and hacking incidents have surged. The cyber arms race between major powers like the United States, China, and Russia has escalated the stakes in global security. The COVID-19 pandemic exposed the world’s vulnerability to non-traditional security threats, revealing weaknesses in international cooperation and health infrastructure. The pandemic’s widespread disruption highlighted that global health security is just as important to international peace as traditional military issues. Regional Geopolitical Conflicts The Middle East remains a hotspot for both geopolitical tension and international security concerns. Long-standing conflicts in countries like Syria, Yemen, and Iraq, alongside the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, have contributed to decades of instability. External powers like the United States, Russia, and regional actors such as Iran and Saudi Arabia have become deeply involved, complicating the dynamics of these conflicts. Notably, the rivalry between Iran and Saudi Arabia has influenced proxy wars and political alignments throughout the region. In another key geopolitical flashpoint, the South China Sea, China’s territorial claims have caused tensions with neighbouring countries, including the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia. The United States has also been active in the region, conducting freedom of navigation operations to counter China’s claims, heightening concerns about the potential for military confrontation between the U.S. and China. Energy Security and Geopolitics Energy security plays a crucial role in modern geopolitics. Countries rich in energy resources, such as Russia and Saudi Arabia, have long used their reserves to wield geopolitical influence. Europe’s reliance on Russian natural gas, for instance, made it susceptible to political pressure from Moscow, as evidenced during the energy crisis following Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine. This situation has prompted many European nations to reassess their energy strategies and seek alternative sources to reduce their dependency on Russian supplies. The shift towards renewable energy is also reshaping geopolitics. As the world moves towards cleaner energy, countries with abundant renewable resources—like solar and wind power—are gaining new geopolitical leverage. However, this transition has also raised concerns about securing the supply chains for critical minerals such as lithium and cobalt, which are essential for renewable technologies like electric vehicles and batteries. Climate Change and Global Security Climate change is increasingly becoming a driving factor in both geopolitics and international security. Rising sea levels, extreme weather patterns, and resource scarcity are expected to exacerbate existing conflicts and create new security challenges. For instance, climate-induced displacement is likely to increase migration and heighten competition for resources, which could further destabilize already fragile regions. Nations such as Bangladesh and island states in the Pacific face existential threats due to rising sea levels. Meanwhile, the Arctic is emerging as a new frontier for geopolitical competition, as melting ice is opening up access to previously untapped natural resources and new shipping lanes. This has sparked competition among Arctic nations, including Russia and the United States, for control of this increasingly strategic region. Cybersecurity and International Relations Cybersecurity has become a cornerstone of international security in recent years. Cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructure, including power grids, financial systems, and government institutions, represent significant threats to national security. State-sponsored cyber operations are on the rise, with countries like China, Russia, and North Korea leading in cyber espionage and attacks on other nations. One high-profile case of cyber conflict was the 2020 SolarWinds hack, attributed to Russian actors, which compromised multiple U.S. government agencies and private companies. This incident underscored the vulnerability of even the most technologically advanced nations and highlighted the urgent need for stronger international cooperation on cybersecurity. The Future of Geopolitics and International Security Looking ahead, several key trends will shape the future of geopolitics and international security. The continued rise of China and the relative decline of U.S. influence will likely intensify competition between the two powers. China’s efforts to reshape the global order, particularly through initiatives like the BRI, will challenge the existing Western-led international system. Technological advancements, including artificial intelligence, space exploration,

October 20, 2024 No Comments

Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

CONCEPT OF SOCIAL SECURITY AND LABOUR WELFARE IN INDIA

SOCIAL SECURITY- Social Security is a system that helps people and families by giving them financial support when they face challenges like getting old, losing a job, being sick, becoming disabled, or losing the person who earns money for the family. Social security also includes different programs that make sure people can get healthcare and have money to live on during tough times.[1][2] Components of Social Security Program- The Social Security program is designed to protect people during various stages of life or in difficult situations[3]. Here are some main components[4]: Pension Scheme – This program ensures that when individuals retire from work, they continue receiving income regularly. The goal of this program is to help retirees maintain a decent standard of living after they stop earning a salary.[5] Unemployment Insurance- This provides financial support to people who lose their jobs, helping them cover essential expenses until they find new employment. It acts as a temporary safety net during the period of their joblessness[6]. Disability Insurance- For individuals who cannot work because of having mental or Physical Disability, this program offers financial assistance to help them manage daily living expenses even though they can’t earn a regular income due to their conditions[7]. Health Insurance- This program ensures that people can get the Healthcare facilities they need without having to pay the full amount, preventing them from facing financial problems due to medical bills[8]. Family Benefits- This provides financial help to families, especially if a worker dies. For example, Survivor benefits give money to the dependents ‘like children and spouses’ of the deceased. Workers ensure the family has financial support even though the main earner is no longer there[9]. Challenges faced by Social Security Systems– Funding Shortfalls: As the Population Ages and people live longer, more individuals rely on social security benefits, which puts a strain on the system’s money. If there isn’t enough money from taxes and contributions to support these benefits, the system can run out of funds. For Example, a country might have more retirees collecting pensions than working people paying into the system, causing a money shortage. Coverage Gaps: Not everyone can access social security benefits, especially those who are in informal jobs ‘like street vendors and freelancers’ who don’t have to contribute. This leaves many people without financial protection. For example, a worker in an informal job might not get benefits like unemployment support or healthcare because they haven’t paid into the social security system. Political Resistance: When the government wants to change social security policies, such as how much people can contribute or who can qualify for benefits, they often encounter opposition from different political groups or the general public. This pushback can make it difficult to make important changes that could help the Social Security system work better. For example, suppose a government suggests increasing the retirement age to solve the money problem in the system. In that case, many citizens might protest against it because they believe it’s unfair to require them to work longer before they can retire.[10] Impose on economic stability and Poverty Reduction: Social Security is important for economic stability because it offers financial help during tough times. It helps lower poverty by making sure that vulnerable groups can meet their basic needs, like food, healthcare, and housing. Additionally, it supports economic growth by keeping consumer spending steady during economic downturns[11]. Labour Welfare Labour Welfare[12] means the Different programs and support systems designed to make the work environment better for employees. This includes making working conditions better, providing social security, and enhancing worker’s quality of life. Employers, trade unions, and government groups all work together to promote this initiative according to the International Labour Organization (ILO), labour welfare includes services and facilities that help create a healthy and positive work Environment, which can increase workers’ morale and productivity.[13] Components of Labour Welfare Program: Health and Safety- this focuses on making sure that workers have a safe place to work and also ensures that workers will have access to medical care when they are in need[14]. Recreational Facilities- This means providing activities that workers can do in their free time, like sports, cultural events, or places to relax and enjoy themselves[15]. Educational Support- This includes offering training programs to help workers improve their skills and also providing scholarships to help worker’s children with their education. Housing Assistance- This means helping workers find affordable homes or providing them with housing facilities, making it easier for them to live comfortably. Social Security Measures- These are programs that offer protection to workers, like insurance that covers health issues, job loss i.e., unemployment, or money for retirement i.e., Pension money. Challenges in Implementing Labour Welfare Programs: Funding Limitations- There’s not enough money to create or run programs for workers, making the programs less effective and harder to reach everyone who needs them[16]. Awareness Gaps- This means that many workers do not know about the benefits available to them, so they don’t use the programs that could help them. Regulatory Compliance- Many complex legal rules must be followed, which can make it harder to set up and run the Programs smoothly[17]. Contribution to Employee Satisfaction and Productivity: Labour welfare programs help make workers happier by providing a supportive work environment that takes care of their needs, some positive effects are[18]– Higher Morale: when workers feel like their well-being is important to the company, they feel more appreciated and motivated[19]. Increased Productivity: Workers who are happy with their jobs tend to be more motivated, which helps them work harder and be more productive. Reduced Absenteeism: Welfare programs such as health benefits improve worker health, resulting in fewer sick days and increased presence at work[20]. CONCLUSION: In India, social security and labour welfare systems are very important for workers it play an important or an crucial role in improving their life both financially and socially, especially during the of their retirement , duration of unemployment, or at the time of sicknesses., health issues, major illness etc. The Program social security include retirement plan

October 20, 2024 No Comments

Health

Importance of Early Intervention in Autism: Effective Strategies for Better Outcomes

BY HUMAIRA HASAN INTRODUCTION What if unlocking the complete potential of a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder is decided not solitarily by the intervention but at the age when it begins? Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be defined as a developmental and neurological disorder that interferes with one’s interaction with others, learning abilities, communication, and behavior. (NIHM) The diagnostic age for Autism Spectrum Disorder has seen a decrease in the past few decades. (Daniels, A. M., et al.), however, currently, the mean age for diagnosis lies between 3 and 4 years. A study states that in 2020, the rates of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among Asian, Black, and Hispanic children were at least 30% higher than in 2018. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2023). Thus, with the rising numbers of individuals with diagnosed ASD, the need for early intervention has become increasingly urgent. This paper argues that early intervention for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder is essential for maximizing developmental outcomes; by evaluating the efficacy of strategies such as Applied Behavior Analysis, speech-language therapy, occupational, and music therapy. This meta-analysis highlights how early intervention can significantly enhance cognitive, social, and communicative skills while alleviating core symptoms of ASD. DIAGNOSIS Social skills are necessary to adapt to different environments and conduct appropriate interactions with those around. However, children with ASD require external help to grasp these foundational skills (eg, social engagement, joint attention, etc). According to DSM 5- TR, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR) which is a manual that assists researchers and clinicians in diagnosing mental disorders, individuals with ASD often showcase difficulty in social interactions, emotional reciprocity, repetitive behavior, and fixation on a certain interest. These individuals may be more dependent for care on others than individuals within their age groups. (Ayres, Mechling, & Sansosti) EARLY INTERVENTION There are a number of rationales when it comes to the justification of why beginning early is better in the case of intervention. The first one can be due to early neuroplasticity. There is a high rate of synapse formation during the stage that constitutes birth to 3 years of age. (Kolb & Gibb, 2011) The rising prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder calls for the need for early intervention to adapt to social situations better. Research suggests that there is no need to delay intervention in the case of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Noteworthy improvements can be seen as a result of early intervention at as early as preschool level in oral language and reading comprehension. (Macdonald et al., 2021) Studies also show that autistic symptoms are reduced more in younger children than in older children. (Maksimović et al., 2022) EARLY INTERVENTION STRATEGIES There are a number of early intervention techniques such as speech therapy, Applied Behavior Analysis(ABA), occupational therapy, and music therapy that are discussed in detail below: APPLIED BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS The term Applied Behavior Analysis was first used by Baer et al. (1968) to comprehend and improve behavior through the use of basic behavioral principles. Visible, quantifiable, and clearly defined behavior which may either occur not frequently enough or in excess is the focus of ABA. (APA) Most study records indicated improvement in all outcome categories namely language, cognitive, social/communication, problem behavior, adaptive skills, emotional aspects, autism symptoms, and quality of life (QoL) outcomes, with 63%–88% showing positive results across different measures. In comparison, 0%–2% reported worsening, 13%–36% showed mixed results, and 0%–13% indicated no change. (Gitimoghaddam et al., 2022) In another recent research, significant improvements in verbal behaviors due to ABA on 11 out of the 13 VB-MAPP(Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program) scales, highlighting the importance and effectiveness of early interventions using ABA. A great increase in Tacting skills, matching-to-sample, Visual perceptual, and interverbal skills was also observed. (Pater et al., 2022) MUSIC THERAPY Parent-child cooperative music can be defined as a therapeutic activity that assists in alleviating symptoms in children with autism. Through extensive research, it has been observed that parent-child cooperative music therapy combined with ABA has proved effective in reducing the core symptoms of Autism in children. (He et al., 2022) In another study, focusing on the “Papageno Music Therapy Program” (PMTP), it was observed that children with autism displayed improvements in their social interactions which were not just limited to their therapy sessions, showing evidence that PMTP improves social behavior. (Pater et al., 2022) SPEECH LANGUAGE THERAPY On conducting research on the effectiveness of speech-language therapy, it was found that while younger children showed better speech and language development after a year of therapy, there was no significant difference in language abilities between younger(aged 36–47 months old) and older children(48–60 months old). (Maksimović et al., 2022) This implies that although early intervention is helpful, one year may not be enough time to see significant improvements in speech and language skills, particularly when development is significantly delayed. (Maksimović et al., 2022) OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY Occupational Therapy is a type of treatment for individuals with autism that focuses on decreasing impairing symptoms and enhancing functioning in both children and adults. (Stornelli, 2015) Occupational therapy looks at how a person responds poorly to sensory experiences and adjusts the environment in order to lessen the negative responses to sensory stimulation. (ASD Clinic, n.d.) Looking at the research findings, it was observed that relationship-building abilities, body and object usage, sensory, social, self-care, and language skills significantly improved with early intervention. However, these benefits were particularly evident during the early stages of occupational therapy with the rate of improvement declining over time. (Jaicks, 2024) Another study states that occupation therapy through joint attention-based interventions and a child-centered approach, depict significant improvement in the reduction of ASD-related behaviors while enhancing social communication and visual perception in children with ASD.(Özkan et al., 2023) These research findings underscore the importance of early intervention in individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. CONCLUSION This paper aims to highlight the importance of early intervention in order to improve outcomes for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The evidences suggest

October 20, 2024 No Comments

Health

Neuropsychology of Opioid Use Disorder

By Kimneicheing Houkip Neuropsychology of Opioid Use Disorder Opioids are a sort of medication used to treat and manage pain. (Cohen B., 2023) They are composed of chemicals that may be found in natural, semi-synthetic, or fabricated states. These chemicals interact with receptors in the body and brain and act to reduce pain perception. Opioids are generally prescribed, therefore, to treat acute and chronic pain. They are used also in active-phase cancer treatment, palliative care and end-of-life care. While reducing the perception of pain, opioids bring about an extreme sense of euphoria which is a major cause of its addictive nature. However, once the pleasurable feelings fade out with time after continuous use, users become tolerant of them and try to regain that euphoria or “high” by taking them more frequently and in larger amounts. This then leads to varying degrees of addiction and cessation results in withdrawal symptoms. The American Psychological Association specifies that Opioid use disorder (OUD) consists of a pattern of opioid use that is problematic and leads to significant distress and dysfunction. Symptoms include failure or inability to quit, misusing more than intended, and excessive cravings. It may consist of tolerance for the drug and showing symptoms of withdrawal. Prevalence A report given by The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India titled, “Magnitude of Substance Use in India, 2019.” has found that opioid use in India is 2.1% of the country’s population which is three times the global average. (Om Prakash Singh, 2020) Opioid usage varies across Indian states with Uttar Pradesh having the highest number of people with opioid use disorders. Mizoram and Nagaland stand as the worst affected states. (Singh, Rao, 2021) Singh & Rao notes that India may be “going through an opioid epidemic” (Singh, Rao, 2021) This is no surprise as the country is located between the world’s two main illicit opium-producing regions, the “Golden Crescent” and the “Golden Triangle,” making it susceptible to being the route and destination of the substances. Moreover, India is itself one of the biggest legal opium producers which is why it is no surprise that India has a well-established pattern of opioid drug use. As a result, opioid dependence is a significant problem in many areas of India. (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, n.d. 2005) Causal Factors Though the exact cause of opioid misuse is still unknown, factors that may contribute to it include family history, environmental and lifestyle factors, as well as how opioids affect a person’s brain. The use of drugs causes chemical changes in the brain, behaviour, and motivational hierarchy in a process called neuroplasticity (Gold et. al, 2020) Neuroplasticity is “the ability of the nervous system to change its activity in response to intrinsic or extrinsic stimuli by reorganising its structure, functions, or connections.”(Matt Puderbaugh; Prabhu D. Emmady., 2023) Neurotransmitters like dopamine can be lacking in patients, which increases their propensity to seek out external sources of endorphins. Given that these drugs bring about intense feelings of pleasure and act as burst dopamine by triggering the same biochemical processes of reward in the brain, people may use opioids to self-correct this shortcoming. Constant rewards-seeking behaviour like long-term self-administering opioids leads to a decrease in dopamine receptors, leading to a decrease in sensitivity to rewarding stimuli.(Wise & Robble, 2020; Koob, 2020) Moreover, it leads to alterations in brain functions with negative side effects such as dysphoria, anhedonia, and depression. (Lee et. al, 2023) Individuals with substance use disorder find it extremely challenging to maintain abstinence as it involves resisting powerful cravings and habitual behaviours.(Beaulieu et al. 2021; Parvaz et al. 2022) Aversion plays a role in addiction where users drive out unpleasant feelings (withdrawal symptoms) to avoid discomfort. (Wise; Robble, 2020) Several researches show that a patient has a greater likelihood to develop an opiate use disorder (OUD) if they have first-degree relatives who suffer from a substance use disease (SUD) Patients with opioid use disorders who are exposed to opioid usage may be more susceptible to developing drug addiction disorders. (Dydyk et. al. 2024) Peer relationships or a doctor’s prescription for a prior injury may have an environmental influence on opiate addiction. As well as individuals with histories of childhood trauma mental distress, and abuse, patients with comorbidities are prone to engage in substance misuse (Cruden and Karmali 2021) Opioid dependence can be physical, mental, or even both. According to studies, even the first dose can have physiologic effects that increase a person’s risk of developing an opioid use problem. Users can become physically dependent on opioids in as little as 4 to 8 weeks of opioid use; with the body beginning to struggle to function without them and an abrupt cessation leading to the experience of withdrawal symptoms. Because these sentiments are so strong, utilising opioids to prevent withdrawal is strongly driven by them (Wise; Robble, 2020) Effects The use of opioids in the United States (U.S.) and other countries led to a large number of opioid use disorders (OUD). A recurrent disorder driven by neural circuits that inflict detrimental emotional states and trigger relapses (Strang et al., 2020) and could lead to overdose (Schiller et al., 2021). Patients with opioid use disorder often show cognitive deficits (Blackwood, 2021) Opioid use affects memory (verbal, episodic, and working memory), fluency, and decision-making abilities. Studies show that toxic levels of oxycodone, which is a type of opioid, can cause damage to the brain of both children and adults, with MRI scans exhibiting grey and white matter defects. OUD also leads to damage to neuronal axons. (Blackwood et. al, 2021) Recent studies delve into certain brain cells, called glial cells, that affect addiction and worsen opioid effects through inflammation, disrupting brain balance and increasing pain sensitivity. (Spencer et. al, 2022) Addiction impacts the brian way beyond the reward system to severely damage the prefrontal cortex (PFC) which is responsible for higher-order functioning (Cecili et. al, 2022) Mortality in opioid dependence is generally caused by respiratory depression, and a

October 20, 2024 No Comments

Life on Land

Earth Overshoot Day and Biodiversity Loss: A Symbiotic Crisis

The loss of biodiversity and Earth Overshoot Day are intertwined crises based on human over-consumption of finite resources. Overconsumption of finite resources causes an imbalance in the environment, health issues, and economic instability. Some of the vital mitigating actions are the use of renewable energy and sources, sustainable agriculture, and the restorative choices of 30×30. It is thus necessary that public awareness and conducive government policies be a prior aspect to encourage sustainable behavior. This involves not only rethinking our relationship with the earth but also a relationship that has reduced consumption and, at the same time, is oriented to prospects of conservation. Immediate action is essential to prevent consequences worsening, making the embrace of sustainability necessary for a worthwhile future of both humankind and Earth.

October 20, 2024 No Comments

International Relations

International Labour Standards for Protecting Migrant Workers: A Global Perspective.

This article delves into the role of international labour standards in protecting migrant workers, with a focus on frameworks developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations (UN). It highlights key conventions like ILO’s Migration for Employment Convention and the UN’s International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers. Additionally, it addresses challenges in implementing these standards, particularly in regions like the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the European Union, while advocating for a core rights approach to enhance migrant worker protections globally.

October 13, 2024 No Comments

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