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International Relations

Global Governance and Sustainable Development: Assessing the Effectiveness of SDGs in Fostering International Cooperation and Partnerships for the 2030 Agenda

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set forth and adopted by the United Nations in 2015 are essentially the blueprints for achieving or bringing about world peace, prosperity, and environmental sustainability. The specific focus of the 2030 Agenda, however, is to put such agreements into action, demanding international cooperation in several areas such as poverty and economic disparities, climate change, and governance.
While global partnerships under SDG 17 regarding mobilization of resources, requisite channels of knowledge exchange, and economic collaboration are really good, it makes use of very poor tools such as Official Development Assistance (ODA) and South-South cooperation that one can see their heads hanging low in terms of innovation and infrastructural development of poor countries. Not that they do not have the potential to take these facilities to greater heights; they have the potential, although cut down by the following factors: financial disparity, political instability, and governance inefficiency. WTO has a major role in the integration of trade policies with the SDG objectives, but this integration needs to be overhauled to meet future sustainability imperatives.
Though remarkable progress has been made in areas of poverty alleviation, education, and renewable energy, enormous challenges such as financing gaps, weak governance, and fragmented policy implementation persist. Strengthening institutional frameworks and participation and making promises stand up in the cash are all necessary for achieving the 2030 Agenda. This article, through various visions, evaluates whether or not the SDGs and its member institutions have led to effective global partnerships through institutional and financial mechanisms and policy frameworks.

February 28, 2025 No Comments

Public Policies

Intersectionality in Indian Politics: Beyond Age and Gender

Intersectionality in Indian Politics: Beyond Age and Gender Anmol Yadav, Nandini Singh & Divyasri S N 1.Introduction By Anmol Yadav A crucial perspective for comprehending how caste, class, age, gender, and other characteristics interacting to influence political inclusion in India is intersectionality. This chapter compares the advantages enjoyed by others with the exacerbated obstacles encountered by marginalized groups, such as young women from underprivileged castes or rural areas. It draws attention to the systemic difficulties and achievements of people negotiating these intersections through case studies and historical research. The chapter examines present policies, highlighting their inadequacies in dealing with the complexities of crossing identities, and advocates for a more integrated approach to policy making. Intersectionality-based quotas, capacity-building efforts, and increased data collecting are among the recommendations for promoting inclusive government. Moving beyond isolated issues of youth and gender, this chapter advocates for a comprehensive framework that promotes equal representation and guarantees that India’s political system reflects its population’s variety. 2.Defining Intersectionality By Anmol Yadav The term “intersectionality” coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw describes how overlapping social identities result in distinct experiences of privilege or disadvantage. Intersectionality is very important in India, as caste, religion, gender, class, and geography all influence society. Just as young tribal men face different hurdles than urban youth, Dalit women face different political obstacles than upper-caste women. By providing insights into systemic disparities, intersectionality aids in the dissection of these overlapping inequalities. It finds chances for alliances and group efforts in addition to examining marginalization. By incorporating intersectionality into Indian politics, officials may promote inclusive representation and address the underlying causes of inequality. 3.Understanding Intersectionality in Indian Politics By Anmol Yadav 3.1 Historical Perspective Since the independence movement brought disparate groups together, intersectional identities have developed in Indian politics. While individuals like Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi promoted an inclusive worldview, leaders like B.R. Ambedkar tackled caste-based inequality in addition to colonial tyranny. Women, Dalits, Muslims, and tribal people made substantial contributions while being marginalized in popular narratives; figures such as Sarojini Naidu, Begum Rokeya, and Ambedkar brought attention to the interaction of caste, class, gender, and religion. Demands for linguistic and cultural recognition led to the linguistic restructuring of states in 1956, which was a turning point in identity politics. Caste and class dynamics interacted with regionalism, as seen by statehood movements in Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. Crucial events highlighted the links between caste and class, such as the Mandal Commission’s recommendations for OBC reservations in the 1980s. Similarly, the 1985 Shah Bano case brought attention to the linkages of religion and gender in political discourse. These instances show how caste, gender, and religion have a significant impact on Indian politics. 3.2 Theoretical Framework Kimberlé Crenshaw’s introduction of the idea of intersectionality offers a useful prism through which to examine the overlapping and interconnected systems of privilege and discrimination. Ambedkar’s views on gender and caste in India are highly relevant to intersectional research. Caste, according to Ambedkar, was a system of gradated inequality that afflicted women and Dalits in diverse ways. Additionally, intersectionality is consistent with feminist ideas that challenge gender-based inequalities and Marxist theories that tackle class injustice. Scholars such as Gopal Guru, Kancha Ilaiah, and Uma Chakravarti have developed similar frameworks in India, looking at the ways that gender, caste, and class interact to influence the lived experiences of marginalized groups. Guru’s idea of “Dalit women’s standpoint” draws attention to the unique difficulties that Dalit women encounter as a result of being marginalized in both patriarchal and caste systems. The ability of intersectionality to examine the interactions between many identities within the socio-political environment makes it applicable to comprehending Indian political systems. REFERENCES Intersectionality and Political Mobilization: Exploring How Gender Intersects with Other Identities, such as Ethnicity, Religion, and Economics Psychology of Intersectionality of Gender as Well as Other Forms of Identity: Obstacles and Dilemmas Confronting Women’s Participation in Policy Making-Vandana Singh Electing Women in Ethnically Divided Societies: Candidates, Campaigns, and Intersectionality in Bihar, India Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color- Kimberle Crenshaw “Intersectionality in Practice: Reflecting on India’s Affirmative Action Policies” by Surinder Jodhka in Economic and Political Weekly (EPW). 4. Contemporary Relevance of Intersectionality in Politics By Nandini Singh 4.1. Case Studies of Political Leaders Several political leaders in India embody the principles of intersectionality, challenging multiple axes of marginalization. Mayawati, a Dalit woman leader, redefined political power structures as the four-time Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. Chandrashekhar Azad, the leader of the Bhim Army, has emerged as a voice for Dalit rights while aligning with broader issues of constitutional democracy and social justice. Grace Banu, a Dalit transgender activist, challenges systemic exclusion through advocacy for transgender rights. Her political engagement highlights how caste and gender identity compound discrimination, reinforcing the need for inclusive policy making. 4.2. Discussion (Palanithurai, 2005) Studies have shown that female political representatives are more concerned with social issues such as health, poverty alleviation, community development, and family welfare. Gender equality is an essential element for the sustainable progress of any nation. The goal of all- round development of the nation can be achieved only by ensuring the equal participation of both genders in various fields. In India, women are worshiped as goddesses and on the other hand, they are discriminated against. If seen, the root cause of gender inequality in Indian society lies in the patriarchal system. Eminent sociologist Sylvia Walby studied the patriarchal system prevalent in Indian society, stating that “Patriarchalism in the process and system of social structure in which man dominates, oppresses and exploits women”. The exploitation of women due to gender differences is an age-old cultural phenomenon of Indian society. The patriarchal system in the society has gained its legitimacy and acceptance from our religious beliefs, be it Hindu, Muslim or any other religion. Gender-based discrimination is widespread in India. Here, from birth to death, from education to employment, from family to political level,

February 28, 2025 No Comments

Decent Work and Economic Growth

Green Jobs and Inclusive Growth: Examining the Intersection of SDG 8 (Decent Work) and SDG 13 (Climate Action) in Promoting Sustainable Employment

Green jobs are of utmost importance in economic development while addressing climate challenges, corresponding with SDG 8 (Decent Work & Economic Growth) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). As green transitions drive industries to shift towards sustainability, sectors like renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and circular economy are becoming hotbeds for job creation. However, just transitions must prepare for job losses, skill shortages, and require government policy support. The role of government, business, and finance for green investment and reskilling programs must coexist. We have a chance for supporting sustainability-oriented employment that can create a resilient economy for the sake of people and the planet.

February 28, 2025 No Comments

FINANCE

Investigating Modern Credit Risk Management

Authors : Rangoli Anand, Mani Shravan 1. Abstract Financial markets serve as the backbone of the global economy, facilitating capital flow, economic stability and investment growth. However, these markets are inherently volatile and influenced by a complex interplay of economic, regulatory and psychological factors. This research article examines three crucial aspects of financial markets: the causes of market volatility and the effectiveness of risk management strategies, the role of financial regulations in ensuring market stability and the impact of behavioral finance on investment decisions. Psychological biases such as confirmation bias, overconfidence and herd behavior often lead investors to make irrational decisions, contributing to market inefficiencies. By analyzing these biases and exploring strategies to mitigate their effects, such as investor education, diversified portfolio management and the use of technology, this article highlights the importance of informed decision-making in financial markets. A comprehensive understanding of these elements is essential for individuals and institutions to navigate risks and achieve long-term financial stability. 2. Introduction Financial markets, a place that deals with the trading of financial securities, such as stocks, bonds, forex and derivatives, are like the skin and bones of the global economy that constantly activates and drives economic growth and financial future worldwide. Global financial markets are vital drivers of economic activity, yet they are inherently complex and susceptible to sudden shifts, volatility and a wide spectrum of risks. To navigate through this web of issues and foster a resilient financial system, certain things stand out as absolutely essential. Risk management practices to deal with market shocks, sound regulatory framework to ensure stability throughout the landscape of markets and a deep understanding of behavioral finance to decipher the human-thought process to help investors make well-informed investment decisions, are three of the most essential tools in financial markets. This article delves into these three crucial facets of the financial world to foster a better understanding among readers about the functionality of financial markets. 3. The Volatility of Financial Markets A multitude of internal and external variables contribute to the inherent volatility of financial markets. Market speculation, unforeseen geopolitical developments, or abrupt changes in the economy can all cause volatility. Although short-term volatility can lead to worry, it also offers traders and long-term investors the chance to profit from market movements (Danielsson et al., 2018). But too much volatility can cause systemic risks that undermine financial stability, panic selling, and liquidity crises. For investors, legislators, and institutions to successfully mitigate possible financial losses and make well-informed decisions, they must have a thorough understanding of the fundamental causes of market volatility. 3.1 Analyzing the Factors Contributing to Market Volatility Market volatility refers to rapid and unpredictable price movements in financial markets. It is driven by a combination of economic, political, and psychological influences, making it a fundamental aspect of market behavior. Understanding the causes of volatility is crucial for investors, policymakers, and institutions to navigate risks effectively. i) Economic Data: Variations in key economic indicators, such as GDP growth, employment rates, and inflation, influence investor confidence and market stability. A positive jobs report may boost stock prices, whereas rising inflation can create uncertainty, leading to sharp market corrections. ii) Political Events: Elections, policy changes, and geopolitical conflicts introduce uncertainty, affecting both domestic and global markets. Unexpected policy shifts, such as tax reforms or trade restrictions, can impact investor sentiment and cause sudden market movements. iii) Corporate News: Earnings reports, acquisitions, regulatory penalties, and executive changes can lead to significant fluctuations in stock prices. Strong earnings may trigger buying pressure, whereas financial scandals or poor performance can lead to sharp declines (Koelbel, 2023). iv) Global Events: Market disruptions caused by international trade disputes, pandemics, and climate-related disasters can have a cascading effect. The COVID-19 pandemic, for instance, led to unprecedented volatility, reflecting uncertainty regarding economic recovery and corporate performance. v) Central Bank Policies: Interest rate hikes or cuts, monetary easing, and liquidity injections significantly impact asset valuations. A surprise rate hike can drive down equity prices, while expansionary policies often lead to market rallies. vi) Investor Behavior: Emotional responses, particularly fear and greed, influence trading patterns. Panic selling during downturns and speculative buying in bull markets can exaggerate price movements, leading to heightened volatility. vii) Market Sentiment: The collective psychology of investors plays a pivotal role in asset price fluctuations. News cycles, social media trends, and expert predictions often drive rapid shifts in demand and supply, even in the absence of fundamental changes. Although volatility is often perceived as a risk, it also presents opportunities for traders and investors who can capitalize on market swings. However, without effective risk management strategies, excessive volatility can erode investment value and destabilize financial markets. 3.2 The Effectiveness of Risk Management Strategies in Mitigating Market Risks To navigate unpredictable markets, individuals and institutions must implement proactive risk management measures. A well-structured approach ensures stability and minimizes losses during turbulent times. i)Diversification: Spreading investments across multiple asset classes, industries, and geographical regions reduces exposure to sector-specific downturns. For example, a portfolio containing equities, bonds, and commodities is less vulnerable to economic shocks than a stock-heavy portfolio. ii) Asset Allocation: Adjusting portfolio composition based on risk tolerance and macroeconomic conditions helps balance risk and return (Li et al., 2023). Conservative investors may favor bonds and fixed-income securities, while aggressive investors might allocate more to equities and alternative investments. iii) Regular Monitoring and Review: Markets evolve rapidly, requiring investors to reassess their holdings periodically. A disciplined review process helps in identifying underperforming assets, rebalancing allocations, and capitalizing on emerging opportunities while staying aligned with financial goals. iv) Hedging: Using derivatives such as options and futures contracts provides a safeguard against adverse market movements. For instance, purchasing put options can protect against potential stock declines, ensuring stability during market downturns. v) Stop-Loss Orders: Implementing pre-determined exit strategies prevents excessive losses by automatically selling assets when they reach a specified price threshold. This strategy is particularly useful in volatile environments where emotions can cloud rational decision-making. vi) Stress Testing and Scenario Analysis: Financial institutions

February 28, 2025 No Comments

Climate Action

Economic Instruments in Climate Policy

Abstract

Climate change poses significant risks to economies worldwide, affecting human resources, health systems, and overall economic stability. Economic instruments play a crucial role in mitigating climate change while fostering sustainable growth. This paper examines key economic tools such as carbon pricing (taxes vs. cap-and-trade), green subsidies, and climate finance, analyzing their effectiveness in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting renewable energy adoption. Case studies, including Sweden’s carbon tax, the EU Emissions Trading System, and India’s emerging carbon market, illustrate the real-world impact of these instruments. Additionally, the paper explores the broader economic implications of climate policies on growth, investment, employment, and global trade. While these policies impose short-term costs, they drive long-term economic stability, job creation, and technological innovation. The study highlights the need for periodic evaluation and global cooperation to maximize the effectiveness of economic instruments in achieving a low-carbon, sustainable future.
Keywords: Climate Change, Economic Instruments, Carbon Pricing, Cap-and-Trade, Green Subsidies, Climate Finance, Renewable Energy, Emissions Trading, Sustainable Growth, Global Cooperation

February 28, 2025 No Comments

Public Policies

Redefining Algorithmic governance: AI for People, Policy and Progress

The article, “Redefining Algorithmic Governance: AI for People, Policy, and Progress,” explores the evolving role of artificial intelligence in shaping public policy in India. It examines how AI is being integrated into governance, from predicting drought patterns to streamlining welfare distribution; while highlighting the challenges of algorithmic opacity, data privacy, and systemic bias. The piece raises critical questions about power dynamics in AI-driven decision-making, questioning whether true authority lies with the coder designing the algorithm, the policymaker implementing it, or the AI system itself. It draws comparisons with global AI governance models, such as the EU’s risk-based regulations, China’s state-driven approach, and the US’s corporate-influenced strategies to position India’s path forward.

Going beyond mere critique, the article presents concrete policy recommendations. It calls for the creation of an Independent AI Ethics Authority (AIEA) to oversee AI deployment, the adoption of Algorithmic Impact Assessments (AIA) to evaluate AI’s social and economic consequences, and the promotion of inclusive AI design to safeguard marginalized communities. Ultimately, the article argues that AI is not just a technological tool but a political force, capable of either reinforcing inequalities or driving inclusive progress. It emphasizes the need for transparent, accountable, and people-centric AI governance to ensure that technological advancements serve democratic values and the public good.

February 28, 2025 2 Comments

SOCIOLOGY

How Does Bollywood and Regional Cinema Portray Women and Violence in Films?

How Does Bollywood and Regional Cinema Portray Women and Violence in Films? Divyasri SN, Anmol Yadav & Nandini Singh 1. Introduction Anmol Yadav India’s perception of women and violence is shaped by cinema, a potent cultural medium that both reflects and shapes societal attitudes. Both Bollywood and regional films have an impact on public opinion in India, frequently feeding negative preconceptions. Cinema is compared to dreams in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, emphasizing how it shapes social conventions. Many movies still normalize violence and uphold gender inequity, even though some have progressive themes. According to a 2017 Geena Davis Institute study, women in Bollywood are significantly underrepresented, receiving only 31.5% of the screen time compared to male actors. 2. Historical Perspective Anmol Yadav Social conventions and cinematic tropes have greatly influenced how women are portrayed in Indian movies. Indian films have long employed these clichés to establish a strong emotional connection with viewers, drawing on Carl Jung’s theory of archetypes and universal symbols like the mother or the hero. Women were frequently portrayed in Bollywood’s early years (1930s–1950s) as selfless individuals who embodied virtue and parenting ideals. Devdas (1955) reaffirmed the idea that women’s value is correlated with their interactions with males, while Mother India (1957) depicted strong but conventionally constrained female roles. Nuanced depictions of women were first seen in Indian film during its heyday, which spanned the 1950s to 1970s. As an unmarried mother, Sharmila Tagore’s role in Aradhana (1969) defied social expectations. Hypermasculine themes, such as Amitabh Bachchan’s “angry young man” in Zanjeer (1973) and the action-packed Sholay (1975), which combined violence with justice, also became more popular during this time. Bollywood tended toward marketed entertainment from the 1980s to the 1990s, eschewing nuanced female characters in favor of stereotypical ones as victims or romantic interests. Negative preconceptions were reinforced by the frequent romanticization or trivialization of violence against women. Regional film, on the other hand, provided more varied representations. Bengali, Malayalam, and Tamil films explored women’s lives in more detail while capturing local sociocultural quirks. The 1964 film Charulata by Satyajit Ray delicately examined the inner lives of women. However, patriarchal storylines continued to exist, with some movies using honor or tradition to defend violence. A change has been brought about by the emergence of streaming services like Netflix and Amazon Prime, which provides room for unusual storylines and nuanced female characters. This development is changing how movies are told and how the industry makes money. 3. Bollywood and the Normalization of Violence Against Women Anmol Yadav Stalking is commonly portrayed in Bollywood as a respectable and romantic kind of courting. Male heroes who persistently seek women are portrayed in movies like Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995) and Raanjhanaa (2013) as romantic rather than harmful. DDLJ’s famous quote, “Jaa Simran jaa, jee le apni zindagi,” for example, seems empowering at first but ultimately casts the father as Simran’s protector. With lines like “Shaadi ke baad patni ki izzat pati ke haath mein hoti hai” from Raja Ki Aayegi Baraat (1997) and “Pati Parmeshwar hota hai” from Biwi No. 1 (1999), Bollywood further reinforces negative gender stereotypes by reducing women to subservient positions. In movies like Baaghi (2016) and Kabir Singh (2019), women are also employed as plot elements for male retaliation, with their misery serving as an excuse for male violence. The assumption that women must experience pain in order to regain power is further supported by movies like Bandit Queen (1994), which examine domestic abuse through extreme retribution scenarios. Sheila Ki Jawani and Munni Badnaam Hui are two examples of item songs that further objectify women by treating them as objects for males to consume. (References – https://epgp.inflibnet.ac.in/epgpdata/uploads/epgp_content/women_studies/gender_studies/10.women_media_and_films/28._women_in_regional_films/et/6359_et_et_28.pdf Role of women in contemporary Indian cinema: A psychological perspective -Berlin school of business and innovation- https://www.berlinsbi.com/blog/role-of-women-in-contemporary-indian-cinema-a-Psychological-perspective Critical Analysis of the Representation of Women in Indian Cinema Dr. Ruchika Chaudhary https://research-communications.cmpcollege.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/10-Dr.-Ruchika-chaudhary-Critical-Analysis-of-the-Representation-of-Women-in-Indian-Cinema-Modified.pdf The Impact of Gender Representation in Indian Films https://geenadavisinstitute.org/research/the-impact-of-gender-representation-in-indian-films/ Study on the Impact of Bollywood Films on the Youth Population in India https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383177362_The_study_on_impact_of_bollywood_films_on_the_youth_population_in_India https://www.shethepeople.tv/film-theatre/regional-films-on-feminism-jhimma-uyare-sinjar/ ) 4. Gender Stereotypes and Tropes in Indian Cinema Nandini Singh 4.1. The “Damsel in Distress” Trope Hindi cinema or should we say the whole Indian cinema has been male-oriented, it has always been in search of such a hero who talks about everyone and fights for everyone. In the inception of Indian cinema, female characters remained in historical, mythological, religious and traditional roles. The earliest change in this theme is visible in 1935 when Dadasaheb Phalke produced the film Hunterwali. Indian cinema seems to be changing with the changing society.Early years after independence, films like Patita, Ek Hi Raasta and Sadhna etc. depicted the indecisiveness of a woman, her chastity and her position in the hegemonic system of a male dominated society, but herchanged forms come to the fore in the movies made in later years.This was the period in the story of Indian cinema when women were out of the field of producing and directing films and this field was completely in the hands of men. 4.2. The “Item Girl” Phenomenon The objectification and sexualization of women in Indian films have been normalized to the extent that it is hard to imagine a film without the mandatory item number or a scene that shows the female lead in a provocative outfit. In most films, women are portrayed as mere objects of desire, and their characters are often reduced to their physical appearance and sexuality. One of the most egregious examples of this is the item number. In an item number, a woman dances to a sexually charged song, dressed in revealing clothes, and is often surrounded by men. The item number is meant to be a highlight of the film, and filmmakers believe that it is necessary to include it to attract audiences. However, it reduces women to sexual objects and sends a message that women’s bodies are for male consumption. This portrayal not only diminishes the value of women but also reinforces gender stereotypes that limit women’s choices and

February 28, 2025 No Comments

International Relations

The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Prospects for a Two-State Solution

The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Prospects for a Two-State Solution Anmol Yadav, Nandini Singh & Divyasri S 1.Introduction By Anmol Yadav The Israel-Palestine conflict has been on-going for more than 100 years between Jews and Arabs over a piece of land between Jordan river and the Mediterranean Sea. Between 1882 to 1948 via the Aliyah’s movement, Jews from around the world gathered in Palestine. After World War 1, the Ottoman Empire fell, and the UK got control over Palestine which was inhabited by a Jewish minority and Arab majority. The Balfour Declaration was issued after Britain gained control with the aim of establishing a home for the Jews in Palestine. However, during that period, the Arabs were in majority in Palestine. Jews favored the idea while the Palestinians rejected it. Almost 6 million Jews lost their lives in the Holocaust which also ignited further demand of a separate Jewish state. Jews claimed Palestine to be their natural home while the Arabs too did not leave the land and claimed it with the international community supporting the Jews. In 1947, the UN voted for Palestine to be split into separate Jewish and Arab states, with Jerusalem becoming an international city. That plan was accepted by Jewish leaders but rejected by the Arab side and never implemented. 2. Historical Background of the Conflict By Anmol Yadav In 1948 Britain lifted its control over the area and Jews declared the creation of Israel. Although Palestinians objected, Jews did not back out which led to an armed conflict. The neighbouring Arabs also invaded and were thrashed by the Israeli troops. This made thousands of Palestinians flee their homes. This was called Al-Nakba, or the “Catastrophe”. Israel had gained maximum control over the territory after this came to an end. Jordan then went on a war with Israel and seized control over a part of the land which was called the West Bank, and Egypt occupied Gaza. Jerusalem was divided between Israel in the West, and Jordan in the East. However, no formal peace agreement was signed, each side continued to blame each other for the tension and the region saw more wars. Israeli forces captured East Jerusalem and the West Bank, various areas of Syrian Golan Heights, Gaza and the Egyptian Sinai Peninsula in the year 1967.Israel still occupies the West Bank, and although it pulled out of Gaza the UN still regards that piece of land as part of occupied territory. Israel claims the whole of Jerusalem as its capital, while the Palestinians claim East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state. The US is one of only a handful of countries to recognize Israel’s claim to the whole of the city. 3. TWO STATES SOLUTION The “two-state solution” refers to a proposed resolution to the Israeli Palestinian conflict that envisions the establishment of two separate and independent states, one for Israelis (Israel) and the other for Palestinians (Palestine), living side by side in peace and security. Hamas forcibly took control over the Gaza Strip in 2007. Shortly thereafter, the Israelis imposed a complete closure on Gaza’s borders. They declared Gaza to be an enemy entity. Of course, Gaza is not a state. Hamas, of course, is viewed by Israel and by much of the international community as a terrorist organization, including the United States, for their history of attacks on civilians and so forth. On June 24, the UN Secretary General António Guterres told a virtual meeting of the United Nations Security Council that the Israeli Palestinian conflict is at a “watershed moment”. The Israeli plans to annex parts of the West Bank have alarmed the Palestinians, many Israelis and the international community. Such annexation would be “a most serious violation of international law”. Under international law, annexation is forcible acquisition of territory by one state at the expense of another state. Such an act even if sanctified by Israeli law is illegal under international law and would violate the universally acknowledged principle of the “inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by force”. 4. Political and Diplomatic Efforts There have been various peace Efforts like the 1978: Camp David Accords – Israel-Egypt peace treaty, 1987-1993: First Intifada – Palestinian uprising in the occupied territories and Oslo Accords – Peace negotiations between Israel and the PLO, leading to limited Palestinian self-rule.2000s saw Second Intifada of Palestinian uprising with significant violence and Israel withdrawing from the Gaza Strip but maintaining control of its borders. Hamas won Palestinian legislative elections in 2006 and took control of the Gaza Strip in a violent conflict with Fatah.2008 to 2014 saw many war uprisings continuing to the dates. 5.Major Obstacles to a Two-State Solution By Nandini Singh 5.1. Territorial disputes The first proposal for separate Jewish and Arab states in the territory was made by the British Peel Commission report in 1937. In 1947, the United Nations General Assembly adopted a partition plan for Palestine, leading to the1948 Palestine war. As a result, Israel was established on the area the UN had proposed for the Jewish state, as well as almost 60% of the area proposed for the Arab state. Israel took control of West Jerusalem, which was meant to be part of an international zone. Jordan took control of East Jerusalem and what became known as the West Bank, annexing it the following year. The territory which became the Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt but never annexed. Since the 1967 Six-day War, both the West Bank (including East Jerusalem) and Gaza Strip have been militarily occupied by Israel, becoming known as the Palestinian territories. 5.2. Security Concerns During the time of Oslo in the 1990s, a vast majority of Palestinians in both the West Bank and the Gaza Strip clearly accepted Yasser Arafat and the PLO as their legitimate representatives. With Arafat’s death, the failure of the peace process until now, and the rise of Hamas, these problems have worsened. Hamas, despite and perhaps because of its role in perpetrating

February 28, 2025 No Comments

International Relations

The Strategic Ramifications of CPEC: A Disquisition on Its Impact on India’s Geopolitical and Border Security Paradigm

Authors : Tanuj Samaddar, A R Sangeetha, Md. Rizwan, Ankush Kumar Within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) framework, the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a flagship undertaking of great significance throughout South Asia as a strategically significant regional, economic, and geopolitical undertaking. Wolf (2019) conceived the corridor between the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China and the Gwadar Port in the Balochistan province of Pakistan via a sprawling network of roads, railways, energy initiatives, and special economic zones (SEZs). New Delhi sees CPEC as a significant security threat that violates India’s sovereignty, escalates border tensions, and redraws regional power disparities, even though Beijing touts it as a forerunner of economic revitalization and regional connectivity. (Pant and Joshi , 2017) Its passage through the disputed Gilgit-Baltistan territory, a region still a crucial part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir and subject to territorial claim by India, is the main argument supporting India’s strategic concerns on CPEC. CPEC’s effects cover a more Chinese military presence in the Indian Ocean Region, the militarization of economic corridors, and regional economic architecture realignment. Through the lenses of sovereignty, economic dependence, military tactics, and geopolitical reconfigurations, this research charts the complex security consequences of CPEC for India. This study seeks to provide a subtle view of the manifold security threats presented by CPEC and the corresponding countermeasures India uses to minimize its negative effects by combining a large amount of academic work. The sovereignty narrative surrounding the CPEC has caused intense unease among Indian policy and strategic circles. Pant and Joshi (2017) among others argue that the corridor’s crossing through Gilgit-Baltistan directly violates India’s territorial integrity, hence supporting Pakistan’s effective administrative authority over the area. Kumar (2019) adds that China’s infrastructure related spending in the area practically acknowledges Pakistan’s territorial claims, thereby worsening the legal and political deadlock over Kashmir. India’s strategic apprehensions are further accentuated by the potential encirclement effect precipitated by China’s economic corridors, collectively known as the ‘String of Pearls’ strategy (Brewster, 2018). The encirclement theory posits that Beijing’s financial statecraft is fundamentally tied to its larger geostrategic aims, where infrastructural investments act as channels for security leverage In addition, India’s positive outreach to regional actors—namely Iran, Afghanistan, and Central Asian Republics—through infrastructural ventures like the Chabahar Port and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) is indicative of a move to offset Pakistan’s geoeconomic centrality in CPEC. The synergizing of Indo-Pacific alliances, more specifically through the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad), is an adjunct mechanism to counterbalance Chinese strategic gains (Jacob, 2020). Economic and Military Aspects of CPEC Influencing India’s National Security The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has fundamentally altered the economic landscape of South Asia, with notable implications for India’s national security. Pakistan’s increasing reliance on Chinese investments has spurred significant infrastructure development along India’s western border, raising fears of strategic encirclement. The corridor linking Gwadar Port to China’s Xinjiang province enhances Pakistan’s logistical capabilities, allowing for more efficient military mobilization (Pant,2018) . Chinese involvement in vital transport and energy projects in Pakistan challenges India’s trade networks, potentially diminishing India’s influence in South Asia (Small, 2020). Furthermore, as Pakistan grapples with a growing debt burden from the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) projects, this economic imbalance has become closer aligned with Chinese policies, thereby complicating India’s geopolitical position (Rana,2021). The military implications of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) present significant security concerns for India, especially given the increasing Chinese presence at Gwadar Port. Analysts indicate that what was initially intended as a trade hub may now serve dual military functions, potentially allowing China to station naval assets in the Arabian Sea (Singh, 2019). This development raises apprehensions about a possible Chinese-Pakistani naval partnership, which could undermine India’s maritime security. Moreover, CPEC traverses Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK), a region that India claims as its own. China’s investments in infrastructure, including highways and railways in POK, bolster Pakistan’s ability to mobilize forces along the Line of Control (LoC), heightening border tensions. Furthermore, reports suggest that Chinese-funded security deployments along the CPEC route have increased militarization in border areas, raising the likelihood of potential conflict scenarios (Sharma, 2022). The expanding military and economic partnership between China and Pakistan has prompted a more assertive Pakistani approach to border disputes, resulting in a rise in ceasefire violations along the Line of Control (LoC) (Malik, 2022). This corridor enhances China’s geo-economic influence, positioning it as a key South Asian player and marginalizing India’s role in the region. The potential for a two-front war scenario—where India could face simultaneous military threats from China to the north and Pakistan to the west—has become a significant concern for India’s defense strategists. Furthermore, China’s debt-trap diplomacy in Pakistan raises alarms about long-term geopolitical realignments, posing an additional threat to India’s strategic interests. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has significantly transformed India’s national security landscape, impacting economic sovereignty and military readiness. The corridor’s path through Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (PoK) has exacerbated border conflicts, and Pakistan’s increasing economic dependence on China fortifies the Sino-Pak alliance, thereby challenging India’s position in the region. From a military perspective, the potential dual-use nature of Gwadar Port, alongside infrastructure that enhances Pakistan’s military mobility, heightens the risk of cross-border skirmishes. In response to these developments, India must bolster its border security, strengthen alliances with global partners, and seek to expand alternative trade routes, such as Chabahar Port. Addressing these complex challenges necessitates a comprehensive security strategy integrating diplomatic, economic, and military measures to protect India’s strategic interests. Impact of CPEC in Indo-Pak border In such a scenario, which is likely to be created by India’s concessions to Pakistan, the Indo-Pak border dimensions along with border dynamics would substantially change. Such considerations most certainly include the geographical base of Pakistan and India as an extension of these countries to Afghanistan as it brings the vast areas of Balochistan, Sindh, and the southern provinces of Afghanistan into geographical proximity to the western borders of northern India via scanty highlands and plateaus connecting these desert-based provinces.

February 28, 2025 No Comments

No Poverty

Urbanization, Poverty, and Policy Interventions in India: Challenges and Pathways Forward

Urban poverty remains a pressing challenge in developing economies, shaped by rapid urbanization, inadequate housing, and economic disparities. This article explores key policies, including housing schemes and social protection measures, assessing their impact on vulnerable communities while proposing sustainable strategies for inclusive urban development and improved livelihoods.

February 28, 2025 No Comments

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