India and France share a strong strategic partnership spanning defense, trade, and the Indo-Pacific region. Their collaboration in nuclear energy, space technology, and military cooperation highlights their commitment to global stability, economic growth, and technological advancement.
The digital age has reshaped communication, but it has also fueled online hate speech, state-sponsored trolling, and disinformation campaigns that undermine democracy and social cohesion. Governments manipulate narratives through digital propaganda, while social media amplifies extremism. Legal frameworks struggle to balance free speech with content regulation, as seen in Germany’s NetzDG and France’s Avia Law. Popular culture, from music to film, reflects these tensions—sometimes countering hate, other times normalizing it. Concerts, like Ariana Grande’s in Manchester, have even become targets of radical extremism. Addressing these issues requires accountability, regulation, and collective action to safeguard democratic values and global stability.
Childhood trauma profoundly shapes spiritual beliefs, moral reasoning, and healing paths. Many survivors experience spiritual awakening, explore mysticism, or shift their ethical perspectives to find meaning. Understanding these transformations helps in developing holistic trauma recovery approaches, fostering post-traumatic growth, resilience, and deeper existential awareness in survivors’ healing journeys.
Explore India’s legislative, administrative, and military strategies in countering terrorism. This in-depth analysis covers key laws like UAPA, POTA, and TADA, intelligence measures, cross-border infiltration tactics, and technological advancements in anti-terror operations. Stay informed on India’s evolving fight against terrorism.
Authors : Rangoli Anand Mani Shravan 1. Abstract The Economics of Pollution offers an in-depth examination of the economic ramifications of pollution and its associated externalities. The piece investigates the ways in which pollution impacts third parties who are not directly engaged in market activities, emphasizing the market inefficiencies it generates. It delves into the notion of externalities, where the consequences of a transaction extend to those not involved. Pollution is illustrated as a key example of a negative externality, inflicting damage on both the environment and public health. The article explores a range of policy strategies to address pollution, such as regulatory frameworks, market-driven solutions like taxes and tradable permits, and the involvement of government agencies. It evaluates the success of these policies in lowering pollution levels and their effects on economic efficiency. The discussion contrasts command-and-control regulations with incentive-based methods, highlighting the need to strike a balance between fostering economic growth and ensuring environmental sustainability. 2. Introduction Pollution is a serious global challenge with far-reaching effects on our environment, economy, and society. As industries expand, cities grow, and economies develop, pollution often becomes an unintended consequence, harming human health, damaging ecosystems, and disrupting the balance of nature. While economic progress brings prosperity, it also generates waste and emissions that put immense pressure on our surroundings. From an economic standpoint, pollution is a prime example of market failure. In many cases, businesses and industries do not fully account for the environmental damage they cause, leading to what economists call negative externalities. This means that the costs of pollution, such as healthcare expenses, reduced agricultural productivity, and environmental cleanup are often borne by society rather than the actual polluters. As a result, pollution levels can rise beyond what is sustainable, creating long-term economic inefficiencies and challenges. Governments, businesses, and policymakers are constantly searching for ways to reduce pollution without hindering economic growth. This is where pollution economics comes in, it examines the financial impact of pollution and explores solutions, from government regulations to market-based strategies like carbon pricing. Understanding these economic aspects is key to developing policies that strike a balance between sustainability and development. 3. The Economic Problems of Pollution Pollution has far-reaching economic consequences, affecting industries, public health, and overall societal well-being. The economic problems associated with pollution stem primarily from its classification as a negative externality, meaning that the costs of pollution are not fully borne by the entities responsible for it but are instead passed on to others (Heutel & Ruhm, 2021). These external costs create several economic inefficiencies, which include: i) Increased Healthcare Costs: Pollution, especially air and water contamination, leads to severe health problems such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular conditions, and other chronic illnesses. Governments and individuals face rising healthcare expenses, reducing overall economic productivity and increasing the financial burden on healthcare systems. ii) Loss of Productivity: Polluted environments result in decreased worker efficiency and lost workdays due to illness. Agricultural productivity also declines as soil contamination and air pollution negatively impact crop yields. This loss of productivity affects economic growth and food security. iii) Environmental Degradation: Pollution leads to resource depletion, biodiversity loss, and ecological imbalances, affecting industries reliant on natural resources such as fishing, agriculture, and tourism. The degradation of natural resources reduces long-term economic potential (Hickel, 2020). iv) Property Devaluation: Areas with high pollution levels experience declining real estate values as they become less desirable for residential and commercial purposes. The economic consequences include lower investments, reduced tax revenues for local governments, and overall urban decay. v) High Cleanup and Mitigation Costs: Governments and businesses often have to allocate significant funds to clean up pollution, restore damaged ecosystems, and implement pollution control measures. These expenses divert resources from other critical economic and social investments. Addressing these economic problems requires policy interventions, financial incentives, and global cooperation to internalize the costs of pollution and promote sustainable practices that align economic activities with environmental well-being. 4. Types of Pollution and Their Economic Impacts Pollution manifests in various forms, each with distinct economic consequences. The most common types include air, water, soil, and noise pollution, all of which impose significant financial burdens on governments, businesses, and individuals (OECD, 2020). i) Air Pollution: a. Causes respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, increasing healthcare expenditures. b. Leads to reduced labor productivity due to illness and absenteeism. c. Damages crops and forests, affecting agricultural output and the timber industry. d. Results in acid rain, which corrodes infrastructure and increases maintenance costs. ii) Water Pollution: a. Contaminates drinking water sources, necessitating costly water purification processes. b. Harms aquatic ecosystems, leading to losses in the fishing and tourism industries. c. Disrupts agricultural activities due to polluted irrigation sources. d. Requires significant investment in wastewater treatment and cleanup efforts (Ibarraran et al., 2021). iii) Soil Pollution: a. Reduces agricultural productivity, leading to food shortages and economic instability. b. Increases land remediation costs to restore contaminated areas for safe use. c. Harms property values, affecting real estate markets and urban development. iv) Noise Pollution: a. Lowers workplace efficiency and increases stress-related health conditions. b. Diminishes property values in high-noise areas, impacting real estate markets. c. Affects tourism by reducing the attractiveness of destinations. Each type of pollution disrupts economic activities in unique ways, but all contribute to financial losses, reduced quality of life, and increased government spending on mitigation efforts. Economic policies play a crucial role in addressing these challenges by incentivizing cleaner technologies, enforcing regulations, and fostering global cooperation to create sustainable solutions for pollution control (Aguilar-Gomez et al., 2022). 5. Economic Instruments for Pollution Control To address the economic problem of pollution, governments and policymakers employ a range of economic instruments. These can be broadly categorized into command-and-control regulations and market-based instruments. i) Command-and-Control Regulations: These regulations set specific limits on pollution emissions or mandate the use of particular pollution control technologies. Examples include emission standards for vehicles and industries, technology mandates for pollution abatement, and zoning regulations. While command-and-control regulations can be effective in achieving specific environmental targets, they
Introduction Geoengineering, or climate engineering, refers to the deliberate and large-scale alteration of the Earth’s natural landscape in an effort to counter climate change. It includes the removal of carbon dioxide and solar radiation management (SRM), which reduces greenhouse gases and reflects sunlight to cool the planet. Although geoengineering might be a viable solution to global warming problems, it raises severe moral questions, especially for the Global South. Due to their lack of finances and infrastructure, the Global South, which consists of developing countries, is more prone to the effects of climate change. As for geoengineering technologies, the implementation of these technologies could worsen inequality by changing the overall weather patterns of a region and its agricultural productivity. For example, SRM might change the amount of rainfall a region receives, and this might adversely impact agriculture in the weaker regions. The moral issues do not stop there. There are questions about who has the authority to govern this decision. The Global South doesn’t have a real voice on this matter, but it will surely feel the repercussions of SRM policies. Thus, these people are asking for the matter to be discussed globally so that the outcome is suitable for all. Technological Interventions and Their Implications Geoengineering interventions have the capacity to alleviate some of the most troubling repercussions concerning global warming. These systematic and large-scale attempts make use of technology to intervene in the climate. Such intervention is classified into a multitude of categories, and each of these categories has unique complications for the Global South. Geoengineering Interventions Types Solar Radiation Modification (SRM): This approach attempts to reflect sunlight back into space to subsequently cool the Earth. Techniques encompass stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) as well as marine cloud brightening (MCB). As noted in prior citations, SRM appears to have the ability to reduce global temperatures but places severe environmental threats because of its multi-faceted effects at various latitudes and seasons (Wikipedia, n.d.). Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR): This approach aims to address the removal of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through methods such as fossil fuel power plants with carbon capture and storage, soil carbon sequestration, and other methods such as afforestation/reforestation and direct air capture. (Wikipedia, n.d.) While CDR is vital towards longitudinal moderation of climate change, its affordability and scalability are major issues. Cloud Seeding: This technology entails the use of particular chemicals into the clouds to bolster precipitation. Often this is highly effective in areas suffering from drought (Jacobo, Manzo & Zee, 2023). While cloud seeding is helpful in increasing snowpack and eliminating droughts, there is a… Repercussions for the Global South The Global South will be greatly impacted by the advances regarding geoengineering, both in a good way and a bad way: Positive Implications: Alleviation: Geoengineering interventions can offer immediate alleviation to developing nations suffering from devastating weather conditions like droughts and heat waves(Jacobo, Manzo, & Zee, 2023). Economic Opportunity: Economic infrastructure as well as agricultural productivity in vulnerable regions can be protected, which, in turn, saves us from the disasters caused by climate change due to geoengineering. Negative Implications: Sustainability Issues: Large-scale geoengineering can have drastic discontinuation of precipitation conditions and depletion of the ozone layer, which can have greatly impaired environmental ramifications (Wikipedia, n.d.). Equity and Justice: Global South can unfairly bear the consequences for geoengineering without having accurate insight in the decision-making forums and not grabbing the opportunities that is provided for them. Such processes are exclusionary and unjust and undemocratic at the same time. (CIEL, 2024). Technological Reluctance: Reliance on geoengineering alone can distract us from taking the much needed actions of reducing greenhouse gas emissions for long term sustainability (CIEL, 2024). Ethical Considerations The ethical dilemmas related to geoengineering in the Global South are complex and require thorough understanding. Inclusivity and Governance: There is less reason to believe that geoengineering governance is effective in supervising the Global South without a stronger commitment to engage the affected peoples (Kakungulu, 2024)2. Risk Assessment: There has to be geoengineering counterpart initiatives that focus on the reduction of greenhouse gasses (GHGs) emissions, which is an aid to mitigate impacts of climate change (AMS, 2024). Alternatives to Geoengineering: Climate engineering is politically and practically difficult and very risky even when there are purported rules that govern its usage. As such, focus must remain on sustainable development as the primary method of attaining these goals of mitigating emissions (CIEL, 2024). To summarize, geoengineering posits exciting possibilities for alleviating climate issues in the short run. However, its consequences on the Global South are nuanced and need a lot of attention. Global South requires guided action which enables them to engage with the world on their own terms. Hence, defining basic ethical principles and participatory means of decision making framework is important where these aims of climate change mitigation are incorporated. Power Asymmetries in Climate Governance The integration of climate geoengineering into climate governance raises significant concerns regarding power asymmetries that shape both the discourses and potential outcomes of these technologies. Geoengineering, especially techniques like stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI), has been promoted as a potential solution to global warming. However, the assumptions embedded in climate modelling practices, particularly regarding justice, often obscure the deep inequalities that underlie the deployment of such technologies (Reynolds, 2019). The dominant models of climate geoengineering tend to focus on distributional justice, emphasising the aggregate benefits and harms of inventions, typically in terms of global temperature reduction or risk mitigation. This narrow focus ignores critical issues of procedural justice, recognition justice, and corrective justice, thus failing to address how these technologies disproportionately affect marginalised populations. In particular, these geoengineering proposals often overlook the structural inequalities in global political and economic systems, wherein poorer nations in the global South, who are most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, bear the brunt of environmental and social injustices, Meanwhile, wealthier nations in the global North, which have historically contributed to most greenhouse gas emissions, may continue to benefit from solutions like SAI, while delaying necessary transitions
Khushi Jain , Bhumi Sharma ‘Sleep Deprivation’ or Insufficient sleep to meet an individual’s physiological and psychological needs is getting more common day by day due to lifestyle changes, work schedules and even health-related concerns. Many people, motivated by the need to be the best , prioritize their work, social meetings and activities, or even their screen time over sleep, leading to a delay in melatonin production which in turn disrupts their biological clock and sleep-wake cycles. Without proper sleep, individuals can show a significant decline in various areas of cognitive abilities like alertness, vigilance, attention and concentration. Evidence also suggests that sleep deprivation can also affect higher order cognitive processes, such as problem solving and decision making, as many of these higher order capabilities are believed to be moderated by the prefrontal cortex, which is supposed to be affected by prolonged sleep disturbance. The Link Between Repetitive Negative Thinking and Sleep Disturbances Consistent with prominent theories of psychopathology, research has reliably shown repetitive negative thinking (RNT) to be a central characteristic of many psychiatric conditions (Beck & Clark, 1988; Borkovec, Alcaine, & Behar, 2004; Rachman, 1997)(Stewart et al., 2018). RNT can manifest in many ways including worry, rumination, and obsessing, but has the shared feature that it is exhibited as frequent negative thoughts that are difficult to control (Ehring & Watkins, 2008). In addition to being characterized by elevated RNT, many psychiatric disorders are also characterized by disruptions in the duration and timing of sleep (Apa, 2013; Boivin, 2000; Harvey, 2008, 2011; Wulff, Gatti, Wettstein, & Foster, 2010)(Stewart et al., 2018). Harvey, Murray, Chandler, and Soehner (2011) argue that sleep disturbance should be viewed as a transdiagnostic process, as it is a feature of most psychiatric conditions. For example, sleep disruptions are reported by up to 90% of those experiencing an acute depressive episode (Wulff et al., 2010) (Stewart et al., 2018). A number of studies document a relationship between Repetitive Negative Thinking (RNT) and reductions in sleep duration or quality (Fairholme et al. 2013; Guastella and Moulds 2007; Harvey 2002; Thomsen et al. 2003; Zoccola et al. 2009) (Nota & Coles, 2014). For example, sleep deprivation has been linked to increased rumination and decreased mood (Baglioni et al. 2010; Pilcher and Huffcutt 1996; Walker 2009) (Nota & Coles, 2014). However, there is still more to be learned about the relation between RNT and sleep duration. Experimental studies that induce rumination or worry prior to sleep have been shown to reduce sleep quality (Gross and Borkovec 1982; Vandekerckhove et al. 2012) and naturally occurring levels of RNT have been shown to prospectively predict sleep quality (Takano et al. 2012) (Nota & Coles, 2014). The Link Between Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Sleep Disturbances A large number of older people encounter both objective and subjective types of social isolation and sleep disorders. Social isolation increases a person’s risk of a wide range of adverse health outcomes and premature death. Social isolation can cause poor sleep quality that has been proposed as one of the possible mechanisms by which social isolation affects people’s health and quality of life. (Azizi-Zeinalhajlou et al., 2022) Another similar factor is loneliness, which can be defined as the feeling of being separate from others, and has been identified as one key aspect of social factors that influence health (Cacioppo and Hawkley (2003) proposed that sleep disturbance is a mechanism through which loneliness influences health, citing two studies led by (Cacioppo (2002a, 2002b) in which lonely persons reported lower sleep quality and showed lower sleep efficiency and higher levels of wake time after sleep onset than non-lonely persons. Therefore, it is essential to comprehend these issues and address them through various treatment plans. The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Psychological Functioning Sleep deprivation or insufficient sleep is very intricately connected to negative thinking. As we know, lack of rest and proper sleep makes the brain more volatile and more susceptible to emotional reactions and distressing thoughts and feelings. When the brain does not get enough sleep, the prefrontal cortex, which oversees rational thinking, weakens, whereas the amygdala, responsible for processing emotions, becomes increasingly reactive. These imbalances cause a lot of irregularities in an individual, such as frequent mood swings, increasing anxiety as well as ruminating or over-fixating on a problem. Chronic sleep deprivation plays a role in escalating mild symptoms of disorders like anxiety and depression but it also majorly increases the risk of developing serious mental health conditions and disorders. Prolonged sleep deprivation disrupts the brain’s neural pathways, especially those involved in emotional regulation and stress response, which reduces the brain’s ability to recover from emotional strain and cope with daily stressors. Over time, this disruption can have lasting psychological effects, as the brain’s resilience against stress weakens, making it more susceptible to mood disturbances and mental health disorders (Jansen & Narayan, 2024). There is sufficient evidence to show the relationship between sleep disturbance and negative thinking. Sleep is an important factor to consider in developmental psychopathology (Meltzer, 2016). In adults, higher levels of RNT are associated with longer sleep onset latency and poorer sleep quality (Guastella & Moulds, 2007; Nota & Coles, 2015; Zoccola, Dickerson, & Lam, 2009). Further, an initial study in adults that incorporated both sleep duration and sleep timing components in one study found that sleep timing uniquely impacted RNT. Specifically, delayed sleep timing was associated with higher levels of RNT (Nota & Coles, 2015). This can have a serious effect on a person’s mental, emotional and physical well-being. Studies have shown that prolonged insufficient sleep can reduce the size of the hippocampus, which deals with memory and emotional regulation, making one more susceptible towards mental health conditions like anxiety and depression. Due to sleep deprivation, the brain loses its ability to regulate emotions and process information which leads to heightened stress responses and difficulty in concentrating. It can also tamper with the production of neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine, which plays an important role in stabilizing mood. This can cause
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set forth and adopted by the United Nations in 2015 are essentially the blueprints for achieving or bringing about world peace, prosperity, and environmental sustainability. The specific focus of the 2030 Agenda, however, is to put such agreements into action, demanding international cooperation in several areas such as poverty and economic disparities, climate change, and governance.
While global partnerships under SDG 17 regarding mobilization of resources, requisite channels of knowledge exchange, and economic collaboration are really good, it makes use of very poor tools such as Official Development Assistance (ODA) and South-South cooperation that one can see their heads hanging low in terms of innovation and infrastructural development of poor countries. Not that they do not have the potential to take these facilities to greater heights; they have the potential, although cut down by the following factors: financial disparity, political instability, and governance inefficiency. WTO has a major role in the integration of trade policies with the SDG objectives, but this integration needs to be overhauled to meet future sustainability imperatives.
Though remarkable progress has been made in areas of poverty alleviation, education, and renewable energy, enormous challenges such as financing gaps, weak governance, and fragmented policy implementation persist. Strengthening institutional frameworks and participation and making promises stand up in the cash are all necessary for achieving the 2030 Agenda. This article, through various visions, evaluates whether or not the SDGs and its member institutions have led to effective global partnerships through institutional and financial mechanisms and policy frameworks.
Intersectionality in Indian Politics: Beyond Age and Gender Anmol Yadav, Nandini Singh & Divyasri S N 1.Introduction By Anmol Yadav A crucial perspective for comprehending how caste, class, age, gender, and other characteristics interacting to influence political inclusion in India is intersectionality. This chapter compares the advantages enjoyed by others with the exacerbated obstacles encountered by marginalized groups, such as young women from underprivileged castes or rural areas. It draws attention to the systemic difficulties and achievements of people negotiating these intersections through case studies and historical research. The chapter examines present policies, highlighting their inadequacies in dealing with the complexities of crossing identities, and advocates for a more integrated approach to policy making. Intersectionality-based quotas, capacity-building efforts, and increased data collecting are among the recommendations for promoting inclusive government. Moving beyond isolated issues of youth and gender, this chapter advocates for a comprehensive framework that promotes equal representation and guarantees that India’s political system reflects its population’s variety. 2.Defining Intersectionality By Anmol Yadav The term “intersectionality” coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw describes how overlapping social identities result in distinct experiences of privilege or disadvantage. Intersectionality is very important in India, as caste, religion, gender, class, and geography all influence society. Just as young tribal men face different hurdles than urban youth, Dalit women face different political obstacles than upper-caste women. By providing insights into systemic disparities, intersectionality aids in the dissection of these overlapping inequalities. It finds chances for alliances and group efforts in addition to examining marginalization. By incorporating intersectionality into Indian politics, officials may promote inclusive representation and address the underlying causes of inequality. 3.Understanding Intersectionality in Indian Politics By Anmol Yadav 3.1 Historical Perspective Since the independence movement brought disparate groups together, intersectional identities have developed in Indian politics. While individuals like Jawaharlal Nehru and Mahatma Gandhi promoted an inclusive worldview, leaders like B.R. Ambedkar tackled caste-based inequality in addition to colonial tyranny. Women, Dalits, Muslims, and tribal people made substantial contributions while being marginalized in popular narratives; figures such as Sarojini Naidu, Begum Rokeya, and Ambedkar brought attention to the interaction of caste, class, gender, and religion. Demands for linguistic and cultural recognition led to the linguistic restructuring of states in 1956, which was a turning point in identity politics. Caste and class dynamics interacted with regionalism, as seen by statehood movements in Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. Crucial events highlighted the links between caste and class, such as the Mandal Commission’s recommendations for OBC reservations in the 1980s. Similarly, the 1985 Shah Bano case brought attention to the linkages of religion and gender in political discourse. These instances show how caste, gender, and religion have a significant impact on Indian politics. 3.2 Theoretical Framework Kimberlé Crenshaw’s introduction of the idea of intersectionality offers a useful prism through which to examine the overlapping and interconnected systems of privilege and discrimination. Ambedkar’s views on gender and caste in India are highly relevant to intersectional research. Caste, according to Ambedkar, was a system of gradated inequality that afflicted women and Dalits in diverse ways. Additionally, intersectionality is consistent with feminist ideas that challenge gender-based inequalities and Marxist theories that tackle class injustice. Scholars such as Gopal Guru, Kancha Ilaiah, and Uma Chakravarti have developed similar frameworks in India, looking at the ways that gender, caste, and class interact to influence the lived experiences of marginalized groups. Guru’s idea of “Dalit women’s standpoint” draws attention to the unique difficulties that Dalit women encounter as a result of being marginalized in both patriarchal and caste systems. The ability of intersectionality to examine the interactions between many identities within the socio-political environment makes it applicable to comprehending Indian political systems. REFERENCES Intersectionality and Political Mobilization: Exploring How Gender Intersects with Other Identities, such as Ethnicity, Religion, and Economics Psychology of Intersectionality of Gender as Well as Other Forms of Identity: Obstacles and Dilemmas Confronting Women’s Participation in Policy Making-Vandana Singh Electing Women in Ethnically Divided Societies: Candidates, Campaigns, and Intersectionality in Bihar, India Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color- Kimberle Crenshaw “Intersectionality in Practice: Reflecting on India’s Affirmative Action Policies” by Surinder Jodhka in Economic and Political Weekly (EPW). 4. Contemporary Relevance of Intersectionality in Politics By Nandini Singh 4.1. Case Studies of Political Leaders Several political leaders in India embody the principles of intersectionality, challenging multiple axes of marginalization. Mayawati, a Dalit woman leader, redefined political power structures as the four-time Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. Chandrashekhar Azad, the leader of the Bhim Army, has emerged as a voice for Dalit rights while aligning with broader issues of constitutional democracy and social justice. Grace Banu, a Dalit transgender activist, challenges systemic exclusion through advocacy for transgender rights. Her political engagement highlights how caste and gender identity compound discrimination, reinforcing the need for inclusive policy making. 4.2. Discussion (Palanithurai, 2005) Studies have shown that female political representatives are more concerned with social issues such as health, poverty alleviation, community development, and family welfare. Gender equality is an essential element for the sustainable progress of any nation. The goal of all- round development of the nation can be achieved only by ensuring the equal participation of both genders in various fields. In India, women are worshiped as goddesses and on the other hand, they are discriminated against. If seen, the root cause of gender inequality in Indian society lies in the patriarchal system. Eminent sociologist Sylvia Walby studied the patriarchal system prevalent in Indian society, stating that “Patriarchalism in the process and system of social structure in which man dominates, oppresses and exploits women”. The exploitation of women due to gender differences is an age-old cultural phenomenon of Indian society. The patriarchal system in the society has gained its legitimacy and acceptance from our religious beliefs, be it Hindu, Muslim or any other religion. Gender-based discrimination is widespread in India. Here, from birth to death, from education to employment, from family to political level,
Green jobs are of utmost importance in economic development while addressing climate challenges, corresponding with SDG 8 (Decent Work & Economic Growth) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). As green transitions drive industries to shift towards sustainability, sectors like renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and circular economy are becoming hotbeds for job creation. However, just transitions must prepare for job losses, skill shortages, and require government policy support. The role of government, business, and finance for green investment and reskilling programs must coexist. We have a chance for supporting sustainability-oriented employment that can create a resilient economy for the sake of people and the planet.
