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Health

Psychological Surveys: An Essential Component of Mental Health Diagnostics?

By Bhavya Gupta Introduction Health is a philosophical concept that encompasses a fulfilling life, purpose, positive relationships, self-respect, and mastery, rather than merely the absence of illness (Ryff & Singer, 1998; WHO, 2000, 2004) Mental health diagnostics are subtle art of identifying and treating mental disorders, which greatly modify the mental makeup of many other people. Surveys form the basis of that information-from surveys flow information which on both a broader level determines public health strategy and, on a narrower personal level, works on individual treatment planning (Torre et al., 2023) Development in surveys continues to be focused on validating and testing a new approach, including overcoming biases and building effective methodologies (Torre et al., 2023; Wackers & Schille-Rognmo, 2022). With the use of surveys, one may detect mental disorders early which further may prevent mental disorders from becoming progressively worse, and hence, allow good treatment (Sarkar et al., 2022). With surveys providing greater social insight across cultures, surveys inform health policy and improve care for those struggling with mental health issues (Abidogun, 2023; Lutejin, 2019; Bhugra, 2022). Understanding Psychological Surveys Before understanding psychological surveys, it is important to understand the background of traditional mental health diagnostics that inculcated surveys later in development. Conventional diagnostic methods in mental health primarily involve trained practitioners conducting clinical interviews and assessments According to Mueller and Segal (2015), these approaches may range from structured to semi-structured and unstructured with benefits and limitations regarding their application for reliability and validity. While these assessment tools are based on correctly diagnosing the condition, any judgment the clinician employs in interpreting the symptoms can translate into inconsistencies in diagnosis and treatment (Novak, 2015). In addition, access to mental health care is limited for many, due to different social and economic conditions and their geographical locations (Rudenko, 2023). The stigma surrounding mental health poses another obstacle for the diagnostic process, but a limiting resource for the very purposes of diagnosis (Rudenko, 2023). In such a case, psychological surveys could function as a better-enhanced traditional diagnostic method. The accessibility of surveys is somewhat complex and methodological, concerning survey design, scoring, and cognitive processes of responders. A survey is defined as one that collects measures and analyzes data from a sample of respondents to make generalizations about behavior in itself (American Psychological Association, 2018). Surveys can provide answers to many questions, assess needs, set goals, and analyze trends over time (Cambridge English Dictionary: Meanings & Definitions, 2024). Their ability to garner user-friendly and standardised data helps to expand the frontiers of the traditional diagnostic method and enhances the accuracy and accessibility of assessment in mental health. Kraemer (1991) identified three distinguishing features of survey research: Survey research provides quantitative information about a specific population. These aspects frequently involve investigating the relationships between variables. Survey research data is subjective as it comes from individuals. Survey research involves sampling a subset of the population and generalising the findings to the entire population. These surveys seek to measure the prevalence of different mental health issues, such as those related to specific populations such as tech professionals, along with attitudes towards mental health in the workplace (Rasheed et al., 2024). Furthermore, the psychometric instruments used in these surveys are critical for ensuring the reliability and validity of the data collected, even though they may have methodological challenges due to their historical development (Wackers & Schille-Rognmo, 2022). Overall, psychological surveys are critical in mental health assessment, guiding targeted interventions and improving overall well-being. Technological Advancements in Psychological Surveys Technology such as mobile phones and digital platforms has revamped the administration of psychological surveys to a new degree of efficiency and ease of access. These technologies allow a continuous collection of data in real time, with enhanced ecological validity and reduced biases from alternative methods (Elosua et al., 2023). Mobile applications such as PsychVey make survey construction and data analysis seamless with minimal errors from the side of the respondents (Nguyen et al., 2015). In addition to this, the development of AI and machine learning is transforming data analysis: they can analyze data fast and efficiently in volumes that far surpass the capabilities of a human analyst. AI algorithms will also contribute to the personalization of survey experiences via adaptive questioning based on previous answers by respondents. Such advances will allow for the mining of meaningful information from large volumes of data, thus improving clinical inferences (Galatzer-Levy & Onnela, 2023). These serve well for remote assessments and telehealth, while wearable technologies allow continuous monitoring of psychological health, which integrates self-tracking with therapeutic interventions. This is especially critical in enhancing the availability of mental health resources to remotely located individuals with mobility difficulties (Morris & Aguilera, 2022). Nevertheless, the mentioned advantages bring into the equation various concerns about data privacy and the need for stringent validation of these digital tools in a clinical context (“Digital technologies and the future of social surveys”, 2023). Future Trends There lies the possibility for great evolution into the future of psychological surveys concerning personalisation, integration with health care and continuous monitoring, all acting to improve the relevance of psychological assessment and the patient’s clinical outcomes (Cernigilia, 2024). While new surveys will personalize questions according to context and background, they will also be built upon psychometrically validated frameworks- evidence of their relevance. Personalized feedback mechanisms that allow for individual-response modification of treatment approaches will also arise (Farhat-ul-Ain et al., 2022). Surveys will become part of everyday healthcare, enabling observation of mental alongside physical health (Paradiso et al., 2010). Electronic health records (EHRs) will integrate with operational data, providing a comprehensive view of individual patient health and helping make care more personalized (Andrew et.al, 2024). This recent change in the dynamic of analytical models will open the space for longitudinal assessments (Oliden et.al, 2023) Conclusion In conclusion, psychological surveys are a fundamental part of mental health diagnostics, and they have introduced many advancements over traditional approaches by standardizing and making data collection more accessible. And with technology, especially mobile applications and artificial intelligence,

November 22, 2024 No Comments

Quality Education

Inclusive Education : A Sustainable Route to Quality Learning for All in India

Inclusive education is unlocking the potential of every child. It builds the holistic development of a learner. Inclusive education covers all children without any discrimination. It emphasizes SDG Goal 4 and ensures quality learning for all in India. It covers a wide area for the overall well-being of differently abled children.

November 22, 2024 No Comments

Decent Work and Economic Growth

Eradicating Child Labor: Sustainable Development Goal 8

Child Labor is a global issue and requires substantial efforts to eradicate the issue. There have been efforts to reduce Child Labor. Education is an effective strategy to address child labor. Making school universal has gone hand-in-hand with reductions in child labor worldwide. Policymakers need to strengthen both access to, and quality of, elementary and secondary education. Education solves the issue of child labor, by channeling the interests of children in their careers. Another solution to reduce Child Labor is to educate child laborer’s parents. Awareness drives have motivated many parents to invest in their children’s education, but there are still some who prioritize money over education.

November 22, 2024 No Comments

Health

Neural dysfunction symptoms, causes and interventions: Dyslexia.

Neural dysfunctions Neurological dysfunctions are abnormal conditions and/or impaired functioning of the brain and the nervous system which alters the efficiency of brain functions. These disorders not only affects the brain but the nerve as well, including the spinal cord resulting to abnormalities in the structure, biochemistry, or electrical functioning of the brain, resulting in a variety of symptoms, including pain, disorientation, paralysis, muscle weakness, loss of sensation, seizures, and changes in consciousness. Neurological disorders make it difficult for everyday movements. Our ability to move is a complex process involving many parts of our nervous system. Neurological disorders can disrupt this process, leading to problems in daily life. It’s important to know that these disorders are a major cause of disability and the second leading cause of death worldwide. (Mario Bernardo-Filho, et al. ) Numerous neurological dysfunctions stemming from the brain, spinal cord, and nerves result in a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms. Such disorders affect the overall functioning such as movement, sensation, communication, vision, hearing, thinking, and emotion, necessitating lifelong management and are often identified early in development, and symptoms manifest themselves physically, cognitively, emotionally. Dyslexia: Dyslexia, also known as Alexia, is an atypical combination of skills. It is a syndrome, meaning a group of related characteristics that differ in intensity from person to person. These traits include not only specific challenges but also, at times, unique strengths. Dyslexia is acknowledged as a specific learning disability with a neurological origin. The central component of dyslexia is in its phonological deficit which affects the way children link letters to sounds and decode words. This deficit is often detectable before children receive formal reading instructions. Dyslexia is heterogeneous in nature. In fact, it is not only characterized by phonological deficit but there are other language related challenges such as vocabulary and oral language skills. (Snowling MJ et al, 2020) In addition to reading, students may struggle with spelling and writing. (McBride & Rui En Cheah, 2021). Elliott (2020) argues that there is a lack of standardized criteria for diagnosing dyslexia which creates confusion about when and how to identify and provide intervention. This generates disorientation on who is to be identified as “dyslexic” as its identification depends on the methods used for diagnosis. (Elliott, 2020) Earlier, dyslexia was essentially a reading difficulty coupled with spelling and literacy, often referred to as “reading blindness” Over time, as research on dyslexic learners has expanded, the understanding of dyslexia has broadened, leading to modifications in its definitions. Various cognitive predictors apply to early reading and spelling (Sigmund et al., 2024). Although reading and spelling are significantly related to each other, they are different and dissociable skills important for development of literacy (Kim and Petscher 2023) Elliott has given four concepts of dyslexia. Firstly, it has often treated dyslexia as synonymous with the idea of reading disability, and difficulty in decoding in word-level. Assessments involve the use of word reading tests and is relatively straightforward, which does not require a battery of psychological tests. (Elliott, 2020) It is also a subgroup of poor decoders. Definitions from organizations such as the International Dyslexia Association emphasize its constitutional origin in neurology and highlight that dyslexia is a disorder related to language acquisition that runs in families with severe difficulties in reading, spelling, and writing words and sometimes in arithmetic. ) Lyon, Shaywitz, & Shaywitz, 2003, says that dyslexia has a neurobiological origin. However, researchers argue that this idea is an “outmoded notion” (Miciak & Fletcher, 2020, p. 7). Elliott also suggests dyslexia to be a persistent reading problem that doesn’t improve despite high-quality intervention. These people who do not respond to typical treatments will require alternative support. This idea comes with its own challenges. It is difficult to measure and determine when the issues are truly intractable and how long before a diagnosis can be done (Odegard et al., 2020). Dyslexia is neurodiverse. It goes far beyond difficulties in reading. It includes impairment in cognitive skills such as memory, attention. Such view suggests that individuals with dyslexia doesn’t necessarily have to have reading difficulties as it may involve other cognitive challenges and certain strengths. However, it also brings about a host of conceptual and ethical difficulties. (Holmqvist, 2020) Although there is a rise in publications, there is still no universally accepted definition of dyslexia. Thematic shifts indicate changing depths of focus rather than consensus (Helland, T., 2022) Symptoms & Characteristics: Symptoms of dyslexia include struggles with phonological awareness, decoding, processing, coding, short term memory, language skills, and comprehension across different age groups. It also affects cognitive skills such as memory. This condition may be linked to orthographic loop (letter-related) and morphological loop (vocabulary development) Essentially, characteristics of dyslexia may include poor decoding (difficulties with accurate reading and sound recognition) poor fluency (issues with speed, accuracy, expression, comprehension) poor spelling (challenges in phonological processing and memory that persists throughout life despite improvements in reading) poor reading comprehension (difficulties in decoding, fluency, phonological awareness) Research over time led to a new and evolved understanding of dyslexia. It is dynamic in nature and varies according to the individual. Development of dyslexia is influenced by neurodevelopmental changes, language and environment, including factors such as social and emotional characteristics (Wolf, M., Gotlieb et al, 2024) Causes: Dyslexia stems from a complex interplay of genetic & environmental factors as with most disorders with hereditary influence (Catts & Petscher, 2022) Dyslexia extends beyond written language. It can arise from various interacting impairments of cognitive skills (Werth, R.,2024). It can lead to challenges in cognitive functions such as concentration, attention span, internalizing knowledge, automating skills, and motor skills. A complex interplay of visual processing and neurological functions causes dyslexia with certain conditions that lead to reading disabilities. (Werth, R. 2023) Dyslexia is neurobiological in origin, meaning that the problem is located physically in the brain (Snow, Burns, & Griffin, 1998). Research suggests neuroanatomical and functional insights of dyslexia. For example, early theories claim dyslexia to be cause by an atypical hemispheric dominance,

November 16, 2024 No Comments

International Relations

The Role of International Labour Law in Regulating Gig Economy Workers’ Rights

This article examines the critical intersection of international labour law and the gig economy, focusing on the urgent need for protections for millions of platform-based workers. It highlights the role of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in addressing the challenges faced by gig workers, identifying existing legal gaps and proposing essential reforms. The discussion underscores the importance of establishing equitable labour standards to ensure that gig workers receive the rights and protections they deserve in an evolving labour landscape.

November 16, 2024 No Comments

Health

Does Screen Time Worsen ADHD Symptoms? Exploring the Connection

BY HUMAIRA HASAN INTRODUCTION With the rapidly growing technology, would one conclude that screen time has a role to play in amplifying the severity of ADHD? ADHD stands for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder which is a psychiatric condition that tends to impact individuals in various aspects of their lives ranging from interpersonal relationships to professional achievements. (American Psychiatric Association, n.d.) The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents is estimated to be 8.0%. The rate is significantly higher in boys, at 10%, compared to 5% in girls. Among the three subtypes of ADHD, the inattentive type (ADHD-I) is the most common, followed by the hyperactive type (ADHD-HI) and the combined type (ADHD-C). (Danielson et al., 2024) According to the DSM-5, the symptoms of ADHD can manifest themselves in various forms some of them being reluctance to engage in tasks, requiring sustained mental effort, easily distracted, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. When left untreated, ADHD can gradually diminish long-term self-esteem and impair social functioning. (Harpin et al., 2013) Screen time refers to the time an individual spends on electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, televisions, laptops, video game consoles, etc. (MedlinePlus, n.d.) There are numerous negative effects that screen time has on an individual’s well-being with some of them including but not just pertaining to ADHD patterns associated with poor sleep patterns, structural changes in the brain that affect cognitive control and emotional regulation, depressive symptoms, etc. (Lissak, 2018) SCREEN TIME & ADHD The advancing field of technology is undoubtedly a boon yet uncontrolled and excessive screen time have detrimental effects not just pertaining to short-term but extending to long-term effects as well. Earlier long-term studies have found strong links between screen time and increased ADHD symptoms. Since ADHD risk is linked to both genetic and environmental factors, identifying possible environmental causes of ADHD changes could help create better treatments and public health plans to support youth mental health. (Larsson, Larsson, & Lichtenstein, 2004) Additionally, evening screen time is linked to greater sleep disruption, which is also connected to behavioral issues.(Casale et al., 2023) IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA ON ADHD Research shows that higher problematic social media use and anxiety are linked to ADHD, with anxiety partly explaining the connection between social media use and ADHD. (Statista, 2024) For instance, constant phone notifications, ongoing app updates, and large social media interactions can lead vulnerable individuals to use social networks excessively and compulsively. There are various social media platforms that are easily accessible namely Instagram, YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, etc. These platforms offer quick and easy access to exciting content like music, videos, movies, and other fast-response interactions. As users become used to this instant feedback, they may lose patience and have trouble controlling impulses, which can lead to ADHD-like symptoms. (Anderson & Anderson, 2024) Problematic Digital Media Use may be defined as the act of unregulated and uncontrolled use of social media which is often associated with negative consequences in everyday functioning. (Casale et al., 2023) Children with ADHD who also had problematic digital media use (PDMU) experienced more severe core symptoms, negative emotions, and difficulties with executive function. They also faced more family stress, life pressures, and lower motivation to learn. The PDMU group showed significantly worse symptoms of inattention, oppositional behavior, emotional issues, and reported higher levels of anxiety and depression. (Shuai et al., 2021) NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES OF SCREEN TIME ON INDIVIDUALS WITH ADHD Sleep Disorder Sleep is essential for regulating circadian rhythms which is influenced by the production of melatonin, a hormone that is secreted by the pineal gland. (Figueiro & Overington, 2015) Children with ADHD may have disrupted circadian rhythms due to impaired melatonin secretion. (Takahashi et al., 2024) In a longitudinal study, it was seen that over time, screen time and sleep were not linked to ADHD. However, in the short term, for every extra hour spent watching TV, there was an increase in scores for external behavior problems, and scores also rose for each hour of less sleep. (Levelink et al., 2020) Attention and Focus Issues In a study focused on preschoolers, it was found that exceeding two hours of screen time at age five was linked to a higher risk of significant behavior issues, particularly inattention problems. (Tamana et al., 2019) The earlier and the more children are exposed to screens, the higher the risk of developing hyperactive behaviors. (Wu et al., 2022) Emotional and Behavioral Problems A meta-analysis found a weak but notable link between screen time and children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors, such as aggression or ADHD symptoms. (Eirich et al., 2022) Another study found that excessive screen time was related to behavior problems, conduct issues, delays in development, speech disorders, learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It also showed that the more screen time children had, the greater these problems became. (Qu et al., 2023) Research also shows how impulsivity plays a significant role in connecting screen time with symptoms of ADHD, especially regarding social media use. This indicates that the effects of screen exposure can have lasting influences on children’s behavior. (Wallace et al., 2023) There is also a link between emotion regulation skills and screen time showing how excessive screen time is connected to emotional instability during early childhood. (Oflu et al., 2021) INTERVENTION In a population-based study, higher screen time for mothers when their child was three years old was linked to a greater likelihood of ADHD in the children. However, the children’s own screen time did not show a similar connection to ADHD suggesting that it was the mother’s screen time, as the main caregiver, that had an impact, rather than the child’s screen time. (Shih et al., 2023) This highlights the need for parental mediation. Parental intervention is essential for reducing the negative effect of screen time on children with ADHD by setting limits on screen use or monitoring activities. CONCLUSION With the rising prevalence of ADHD, it is important to pay attention to factors that might contribute to the severity

November 16, 2024 No Comments

Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions

Public Awareness of the National Green Tribunal’s Role in Environmental Conservation

This article evaluates the role of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) in promoting environmental justice in India while underlining the urgent need for increased public awareness and community involvement. It outlines the functions and jurisdiction of the NGT, some of the most important legal frameworks, and strategies for increasing public knowledge and involvement in environmental conservation. This article calls for an aware citizenry that can actively participate in the conservation of the environment towards sustainable development through grassroots movements and effective partnerships.

November 16, 2024 No Comments

Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

Misconceptions About Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

This article explores common myths associated with Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA), which is an important process in assessing the potential environmental impacts of proposed projects and actions. It clears up misconceptions about the purpose, methodology, and importance of EIA in promoting sustainable development, dispelling the myths regarding its efficiency, scope, and influence on decision-making. By debunking these myths, the article seeks to increase understanding of EIAs and their critical role in environmental protection.

November 16, 2024 No Comments

Climate Action

The Hidden Costs of Climate Action: Economic Inequality and Just Transition

This article examines the concept of a “just transition” in climate action, emphasizing the importance of protecting economically disadvantaged communities during the shift to a green economy. It highlights how these communities bear a disproportionate burden due to limited resources, vulnerability to climate impacts, and reduced access to green technologies. Challenges such as job loss, economic insecurity, and rising living costs further increase inequalities. To address these disparities, the article proposes solutions including targeted financial aid, community-led initiatives, job training programs, and inclusive policy-making. These measures aim to ensure that sustainability efforts are fair and equitable for everyone.

November 16, 2024 No Comments

Life on Land

“Microplastics: The Hidden Pollution Crisis of the Modern World”

Introduction The rapid growth of the human population has led to an enormous increase in plastic waste, with plastic becoming integral to human progress (Evode et al., 2021). Despite their versatility, lightweight nature, and convenience, plastic pollution has emerged as a significant environmental challenge. The production of plastic surged from 15 million tons in 1964 to 335 million tons in 2016, and projections suggest that this figure may double within the next 20 years (Su et al., 2022). The World Economic Forum (2016) predicts that by 2050, plastics in the oceans could outnumber fish (Dowarah & Devipriya, 2019). Rivers are increasingly recognized as major conduits for plastic pollution, with studies showing that the Yangtze and Ganges Rivers are leading contributors, discharging approximately 0.33 million tons and 0.12 million tons of plastic waste per year, respectively (Sarkar et al., 2021). Types and Sources of Microplastics Microplastics, defined as plastic particles smaller than 5 mm, originate from both primary and secondary sources. Primary microplastics are manufactured as small particles, commonly found in cosmetics and personal care products, while secondary microplastics result from the breakdown of larger plastic debris (Horton et al., 2017). Common types of plastics include polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET), among others (Khalid et al., 2021). The disposal of disposable items, such as water bottles and food containers, has significantly contributed to the microplastic problem. Factors such as washing synthetic textiles, tire wear, and improper waste management exacerbate microplastic pollution, with an estimated eight million tons entering marine systems annually from land-based sources (Hu et al., 2022). Impacts of Microplastics on Ecosystems and Human Health Microplastics pose significant threats to aquatic ecosystems and human health. In marine environments, they can cause mortality in marine mammals and seabirds, with estimates suggesting that plastic pollution contributes to the death of 100,000 marine mammals and one million seabirds annually (Maheswaran et al., 2022a). These tiny particles can accumulate in aquatic organisms, leading to physical blockages in digestive tracts, impaired nutrient absorption, and potential starvation (Hitchcock & Mitrovic, 2019). Furthermore, microplastics can carry harmful pollutants, which may bioaccumulate through trophic transfer, ultimately impacting human consumers (Vendel et al., 2017). The long-term health effects of microplastics in humans are still under investigation, but their potential to disrupt metabolic functions and cause inflammation raises serious concerns (Lin et al., 2024). The presence of microplastics in food and drinking water further highlights the urgency for more research and intervention strategies to mitigate their impact on health and ecosystems (Blackburn & Green, 2022) Microplastics in Recent news: Microplastic pollution is a significant environmental issue today. A recent article published by Business Standard on August 14, 2024, highlights the alarming presence of microplastics in all brands of salt and sugar in India, whether packaged or unpackaged. These tiny plastic particles either originate from the breakdown of larger plastic items or are intentionally produced for use in various products. Unlike other materials, microplastics do not decompose easily; instead, they become smaller when exposed to sunlight. Research indicates that the concentration of microplastics in the oceans has doubled from 1993 to 2019, posing threats to marine life and human health. The environmental research organization “Toxics Link” reported that tests conducted on ten types of salt and five types of sugar, sourced from online and local markets, detected microplastics in every sample. The sizes of these microplastics ranged from 0.1 millimeter to 5 millimeters and were found in various forms, including fibers, pellets, and films. According to the findings, the highest concentration of microplastics was found in iodized salt, with 89.15 pieces per kilogram. The overall quantity in salt samples ranged from 6.71 to 89.15 pieces per kilogram of dry weight, with organic rock salt showing the lowest at 6.70 pieces per kilogram. In sugar samples, the levels of microplastics varied from 11.85 to 68.25 pieces per kilogram, with non-organic sugar having the highest concentrations. A PTI report studies suggest that, on average, Indians consume about 10.98 grams of salt and around ten teaspoons of sugar daily, exceeding official recommended levels. Indians consume microplastics through sugar and salt, with calculations indicating their daily intake. For sugar, with a microplastic concentration of 11.85 to 68.25 pieces per kilogram and an average daily intake of 0.04 kg (about one spoon), the intake ranges from 0.47 pieces (minimum) to 2.73 pieces (maximum). For salt, the consumption ranges from 0.07 to 0.97 pieces, based on similar calculations. When combining both sources, the total daily intake of microplastics for an average Indian ranges from 0.55 to 3.71 pieces. This highlights the concerning presence of microplastics in commonly consumed foods. Microplastics In water bodies : A recent report published by Down to Earth on April 30, 2024, warns that by the end of 2024, 217 countries are expected to release over 3.15 million tonnes of microplastics into waterways, with China, India, the United States, and Japan accounting for 51% of this pollution. India alone is projected to contribute 391,879 tonnes, making it the second-largest polluter after China. Microplastics, defined as tiny plastic particles under 5 millimeters, primarily originate from sources such as tire wear, textile shedding, and inadequate waste disposal. These microplastics can carry harmful chemicals that contaminate water bodies and pose serious health risks, including neurotoxicity, inflammation, and cancer. In 2024, nearly 291,071 tonnes of harmful chemical additives are expected to be released into waterways, with 40% originating from China, India, Russia, and Brazil. India will discharge 31,483 tonnes of these chemicals, ranking second after China. India’s Ganga River is notably one of the most polluted by microplastics. In 2023, India’s pollution control authority recognized the issue of microplastic contamination in water. Despite this challenge, India is actively involved in global initiatives to combat plastic pollution, including efforts to create an international plastics treaty. At a recent conference, India advocated for domestic waste management reforms and emphasized that countries should manage their own plastic waste. While there has been some improvement in global plastic waste management, plastic waste generation continues to

November 16, 2024 No Comments

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