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AI AND DATA PROTECTION: CHALLENGES IN AUTOMATED DECISION-MAKING

Introduction Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly revolutionizing industries by automating decision-making processes in banking, healthcare, governance, and law. While AI-driven decision-making enhances efficiency and scalability, it also raises significant concerns regarding privacy, fairness, and accountability. India’s legal framework, particularly the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023 (DPDP Act), attempts to address these challenges, but its silence on AI-specific issues calls for a more comprehensive regulatory approach. This article examines the legal, ethical, and policy challenges of AI-powered automated decision-making (ADM) in India and proposes solutions for a balanced regulatory framework. The Privacy and Security Risks of AI Decision-Making AI systems require vast amounts of personal data to function, raising significant privacy concerns. In India, AI-driven ADM systems collect information from social media, financial transactions, and biometric databases like Aadhaar. While these technologies improve service delivery, they also risk unauthorized access, data misuse, and mass surveillance. The DPDP Act, 2023, aims to protect personal data through consent-based collection and stringent penalties for non-compliance. However, it does not explicitly regulate AI-specific concerns such as algorithmic profiling, predictive analytics, and real-time surveillance. This gap leaves room for potential data breaches and misuse of sensitive information. Algorithmic Bias and Discrimination A significant challenge of AI-driven ADM is the risk of algorithmic bias, which can lead to unfair outcomes and discrimination. AI models learn from historical data, which often contains biases related to gender, caste, and socio-economic status. If unchecked, AI-based recruitment tools, credit-scoring systems, and facial recognition technology can reinforce discriminatory patterns, disproportionately impacting marginalized communities. Unlike the EU’s GDPR, which enforces transparency in AI decision-making, India’s legal framework does not explicitly address algorithmic fairness. The absence of clear mandates for fairness audits, bias detection, and data diversity standards increases the likelihood of systemic discrimination in AI-powered decision-making processes. Lack of Transparency and Explain ability One of the most pressing concerns in AI and ADM is the lack of transparency. Many AI models operate as “black boxes,” making decisions without clear explanations. This opacity is particularly problematic in high-stakes sectors like healthcare, law enforcement, and finance, where AI-driven decisions can have life-altering consequences. The DPDP Act does not mandate AI explain ability or grant individuals the right to challenge AI-driven decisions. Unlike Article 22 of the GDPR, which gives individuals the right to contest automated decisions, India’s legal framework lacks strong provisions for algorithmic accountability, leaving affected individuals with limited legal recourse. Legal Framework and Regulatory Challenges in India India’s current legal landscape for AI and data protection remains fragmented. The DPDP Act, 2023, establishes fundamental data protection guidelines but does not regulate AI-specific concerns. Other relevant laws include: Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) – Governs cybersecurity and data protection but lacks AI-specific provisions. Aadhaar Act, 2016– Regulates biometric data collection but does not address AI-driven profiling. National Data Governance Framework Policy, 2022 – Facilitates data sharing for AI research while ensuring security. EU Artificial Intelligence Act (Comparative Perspective) – Aims to classify AI systems by risk level and enforce transparency requirements, something India has yet to implement. India’s lack of a dedicated AI regulation leaves gaps in accountability, making it necessary for policymakers to introduce AI-specific guidelines for fairness, transparency, and accountability. Accountability and Ethical Responsibility A critical issue in AI-driven ADM is determining liability. When AI makes a flawed or harmful decision—such as rejecting a job application, denying a loan, or misdiagnosing a patient—who is responsible? The developer, the deploying organization, or the government? Currently, India does not have clear legal provisions assigning liability for AI-related harm. Some legal experts propose a “human-in-the-loop” model, where AI decisions are subject to human oversight, particularly in sensitive domains. Others advocate for AI liability frameworks, ensuring that AI developers and users bear legal responsibility for algorithmic errors and discriminatory outcomes. Case Studies: AI and Legal Precedents in India and Beyond Legal actions against AI systems are rising globally. In India, ANI vs Open AI is a landmark case where the Delhi High Court reviewed copyright claims against AI-generated content. Internationally, Microsoft, GitHub, and Open AI have faced lawsuits over unauthorized data usage in AI training models. While India has begun addressing AI-related disputes, it still lacks a robust legal framework to regulate AI-driven harm effectively. Strengthening regulatory policies is crucial to address AI’s evolving risks. The case was filled in the us courts against the Microsoft, GitHub and Open AI for the violation of copyright. The case has been filled in us and Europe by the artist, more than 8500 authors, and media organization for staling the work. Mitigating Risks: Steps Towards Responsible AI To ensure AI is used responsibly in India, the following measures must be taken: Enact AI-Specific Regulations – Introduce laws addressing AI accountability, fairness, and transparency. Mandate Fairness Audits – Establish independent reviews to detect and mitigate algorithmic bias. Enhance Explain ability Requirements – Require AI systems to disclose decision-making logic, especially in critical sectors. Align with Global Standards – Adopt best practices from GDPR and the EU AI Act to ensure AI compliance. Strengthen User Rights and Redressal Mechanisms – Provide legal channels for individuals to challenge AI decisions and seek redress. Improve Data Protection Measures – Implement stricter encryption, anonymization, and security protocols for AI-generated data. Increase Public Awareness – Educate individuals on their rights regarding AI-driven decisions and available legal protections. FACT OF CONCERN In all over the world, the cases in the courts against the AI is increasing day by day, especially in us, Europe and now even in India. Increase in the cases in the courts also increases the concerns for the privacy of the individuals. According to the google, 50% of the bank scams and fraud are done through the AI. When there is an ADM there is no any limit for controlling and hence the frauds and scams increases. AI Implication in Credits AI has the potential to touch pretty much every aspect of the business of lending. Lending is an information-based business and many of the tasks performed by humans can

February 28, 2025 No Comments

Decent Work and Economic Growth

Atmanirbhar Bharat: Strengthening India’s Foundations for Tomorrow

By: Aditi Sharma & Sanket Ghodeswar Introduction During the coronavirus pandemic in India, the lockdown, and an existing slowdown in the growth of the domestic economy and the economic impact of the pandemic, the government issued an adapted idea of self-reliance. The concept of Atmanirbhar bharat (Self-Reliant India) was introduced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in May 2020, aiming to transform India into a self-sufficient and globally competitive economy. Rooted in the idea of Vocal for Local, Atmanirbhar Bharat envisions a resilient nation capable of sustaining itself while also contributing to the global economy. By promoting entrepreneurship, strengthening MSMEs, and encouraging indigenous production, this vision aspires to make India a key player in various sectors, from technology and defense to agriculture and healthcare. The Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan stands on five key pillars: economy, technology-driven systems, infrastructure, vibrant demography, and demand & supply chain. Additionally, under India Vision 2047, the nation is committed to emerging as a global powerhouse. This initiative goes beyond social and economic progress—it underscores India’s significance and the role of its citizens in shaping global development. Key Pillars of Aatmanirbhar Bharat: – 1] Economy: – As the outbreak of Covid 19 has clearly demonstrated that the world including India was not fully prepared to tackle the crisis without any external help. So government of India under Aatmanirbhar Bharat economy pillar focuses on achieving sustainable growth. The goal is to develop a strong financial ecosystem that supports industries, attract foreign investment and promote local production. A lot of initiatives like Production Linked Incentive and Corporate Tax Reduction have been introduced to boost domestic manufacturing. At the same time reforms in banking sector aims to improve efficiency and strengthen economic stability. 2] Infrastructure: – Absence of robust infrastructure further escalated India’s problem during covid 19 pandemic. However, the second pillar which is infrastructure is very vital for any country’s economic development as it enhances industrial efficiency and ease of doing business. In regards of this Government of India has launched ambitious project like National Infrastructure Pipeline which involves an investment of 100 lakh crores to develop roads, ports and railway. To strengthen transportation and logistics government also came up with Bharatmala and Sagarmala projects. Additionally, with the launch of Smart cities mission it also aims to create sustainable urban spaces with advanced technology integration. 3] System: – System which is third pillar talks about modernizing governance and creating transparent business environment. The main reason behind this is to streamline governance and simplify regulatory process so that business can evolve in more amicable way without bureaucratic hurdles. Government has taken prominent step toward digitalization by expanding e-governance, simplifying tax structure through GST and introducing start up friendly policies. 4] Vibrant Demography: – Government introduced Vibrant Demography as 4th pillar with vision to leverage India’s young and dynamic workforce for economic growth. According to MoSPI report titled ‘Youth in India 2022’, by the year 2036, those above the age of 30 will form the majority of population. To extract benefit, initiative like Skill India Mission and Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana are being explored. At the same time National Education Policy 2020 ensure that youth are better prepared for the job market by bridging gap between skills and academic education. 5] Demand & Supply Chain: – The demand and supply chain pillar focuses on strengthening local market and mitigating dependency on imports. Through initiative like ‘Vocal for Local’ and ‘Make in India’ government tries to promote domestic industries and boost export. The government has also introduced reforms which support MSME, improve agriculture logistics through e-NAM and enhance infrastructure to facilitate faster goods movement. Government Initiatives on Atmanirbhar Bharat The Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, launched in May 2020, represents India’s strategic push towards self-reliance across various sectors. With a financial package of ₹20 lakh crore (approximately 10% of India’s GDP), the initiative aims to strengthen domestic industries, enhance economic resilience, and reduce dependency on imports. Several key government initiatives have been introduced under this mission to promote self-sufficiency in manufacturing, technology, defense, infrastructure, and financial sectors. One of the flagship programs under this initiative is the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme, which provides financial incentives to domestic manufacturers across 14 key sectors such as electronics, pharmaceuticals, and automobiles. With an outlay of ₹1.97 lakh crore, the scheme is designed to enhance India’s export competitiveness and boost local manufacturing. Complementing this effort is the Make in India 2.0 program, which focuses on 27 champion sectors, including defense, renewable energy, and textiles. By attracting foreign direct investment (FDI) and improving domestic production capabilities, this initiative has already garnered over $81.72 billion in FDI inflows during FY 2021-22. To support small and medium enterprises, the government launched the Emergency Credit Line Guarantee Scheme (ECLGS) with an allocation of ₹5 lakh crore, benefiting over 1.14 crore MSMEs. This scheme has played a crucial role in ensuring the sustainability of these enterprises, particularly during economic downturns. Infrastructure development has also been a key priority, with the PM Gati Shakti – National Master Plan launched at an investment of ₹100 lakh crore to improve multi-modal connectivity through enhanced transport networks across roads, railways, and ports. Additionally, the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY) has sanctioned loans worth over ₹22.5 lakh crore to promote entrepreneurship among small businesses. Recognizing the importance of digital transformation, the Digital India initiative, with an investment of ₹1.13 lakh crore, has been instrumental in bridging the digital divide. Under the BharatNet program, over 1.5 lakh Gram Panchayats have been connected with high-speed broadband, enabling greater digital penetration in rural India. Another crucial aspect of self-reliance is defense manufacturing, which the government has strengthened through the Defence Indigenization Policy. A negative import list has been introduced to restrict imports of over 310 defense items, prioritizing indigenous production. As a result, the defense sector received a record ₹1.62 lakh crore capital outlay in Budget 2023-24 to further boost local manufacturing. The One District, One Product (ODOP) initiative has been another key driver of self-reliance, promoting

February 28, 2025 No Comments

Blog

Navigating Inheritance Laws in India Testamentary Succession

Inheritance in India refers to the legal transfer of a deceased person’s assets to their heirs, either through a will (testamentary succession) or according to succession laws in the absence of a will (intestate succession). The Indian Succession Act, 1925 governs the inheritance laws for various religious communities, with specific provisions for each. The process involves drafting a valid will, appointing an executor, and, if necessary, obtaining probate for smooth transfer and resolution of any disputes among heirs.

February 28, 2025 No Comments

International Relations

Hunting Bin Laden: The Deadly Manhunt of Operation Neptune Spear

INTRODUCTION Operation Neptune Spear was a pivotal military operation conducted by the United States on May 2, 2011, to eliminate Osama bin Laden, the leader of al-Qaeda and the mastermind behind the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Executed by the U.S. Navy SEAL Team 6 (DEVGRU) under the direction of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the U.S. Department of Defence, the raid took place in Abbottabad, Pakistan. The operation was the result of years of intelligence gathering and strategic planning, culminating in a high-risk mission that ultimately led to bin Laden’s death. This paper examines the intelligence efforts, strategic execution, and geopolitical implications of Operation Neptune Spear, assessing its impact on U.S. national security and counterterrorism policies. Intelligence and Planning Shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States, the CIA began collecting information on key individuals connected to or providing support to Bin Laden. THE FIRST CLUE Shortly after 9/11, the CIA began tracking individuals linked to bin Laden. A major early breakthrough came from a piece of luggage belonging to Mohammad Atta, the lead hijacker. The bag contained documents, hijacker instructions, and flight training manuals, confirming al-Qaeda’s involvement and bin Laden’s role. Intelligence efforts continued, with a CIA operative, Jalal, identifying bin Laden’s voice in transmissions from the Tora Bora Mountains, proving his continued influence. However, bin Laden evaded capture and resurfaced in Pakistan. (Washington Post), (CIA), (PBS). A MISTAKE Bin Laden relied on trusted couriers to maintain communication with Al-Qaeda. One, Ibrahim, made a fatal error on August 27, 2010, when he used a mobile phone in Peshawar, a city under CIA surveillance. This allowed the agency to track him to a suspicious compound in Abbottabad, which exhibited unusual security measures. The compound’s high walls, lack of digital communication, and residents’ habit of burning trash pointed to the presence of a high-value target. Surveillance identified a mysterious tall man, “The Pacer,” whose physical traits matched bin Laden’s. GREAT DISCOVERY Once the CIA identified Ibrahim’s location, they conducted further surveillance to assess the compound. The facility was situated in a highly secured area of Abbottabad, close to the Pakistan Military Academy. Several key factors indicated that the compound housed a high-value individual: Unlike other homes in the area, the compound had no telephone or internet connections, an unusual measure suggesting the need for secrecy. The residents burned their trash instead of disposing of it in the usual collection system, minimizing external exposure. A mysterious tall man, who never left the premises, was occasionally seen walking in the courtyard. Analysts referred to him as “The Pacer” due to his habitual pacing back and forth. His physical characteristics closely resembled those of bin Laden. After gathering substantial evidence, the CIA presented its findings to top U.S. officials, including President Barack Obama. While the intelligence was not 100% certain, the assessment strongly suggested that bin Laden was hiding in the Abbottabad compound. (bookshelf) Nail Into the coffin To further verify bin Laden’s presence in the compound, the CIA enlisted the help of Dr. Shakil Afridi, a Pakistani physician. Dcotor Afridi was tasked with running a fake vaccination campaign in Abbottabad under the guise of administering hepatitis B vaccines. The objective of this covert operation was to collect DNA samples from individuals residing in the compound to confirm bin Laden’s identity. Dr. Afridi and his medical team visited the surrounding areas and attempted to gain access to the compound by offering free vaccinations. While the team was unable to directly obtain DNA from bin Laden or his immediate family, their efforts provided valuable intelligence on the residents and their movements. This reinforced the CIA’s confidence that bin Laden was indeed hiding inside the compound. (BBC) EXECUTION OF THE MISSION On the night of May 1, 2011, two stealth-modified Black Hawk helicopters carrying SEAL Team 6 with 24 officers departed from a U.S. base in Afghanistan and infiltrated Pakistani airspace undetected. Upon arrival at the compound, one of the helicopters experienced mechanical issues and crash-landed, though no personnel were injured. The SEALs quickly adjusted their strategy and proceeded with the mission. The team breached the compound and engaged in a brief firefight with bin Laden’s guards. Moving through the building, they encountered and neutralized several occupants before reaching the top floor, where Osama bin Laden was located. Bin Laden was shot and killed after resisting capture. His body was positively identified through facial recognition and DNA analysis. The SEALs collected valuable intelligence materials before exfiltrating the site. Due to the compromised helicopter, a backup aircraft was called in, and the damaged helicopter was destroyed to prevent technology from falling into foreign hands. Within 40 minutes of landing, the SEAL team successfully completed the operation and returned to Afghanistan. (Caravan) Legal and Ethical Considerations in the Hunt for Osama bin Laden Legal Considerations Under U.S. Law: In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the U.S. Congress enacted the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Terrorists (AUMF) in 2001. This legislation empowered the President to employ “necessary and appropriate force” against entities responsible for the attacks. The Obama administration cited the AUMF as a legal basis for the operation against bin Laden. John Bellinger III, former legal adviser to the U.S. State Department asserted that the operation was a legitimate military action, stating that the assassination prohibition does not apply to killings in self-defence or during armed conflict. Under International Law: The incursion into Pakistani territory without prior consent sparked debates about sovereignty violations. Pakistan’s Prime Minister, Yousaf Raza Gillian, emphasized the nation’s disapproval of such unilateral actions, highlighting concerns over sovereignty and adherence to international law. Conversely, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder defended the operation as an act of national self-defence, aligning it with the U.S.’s inherent right to protect itself under international law. (Wikipedia) Scholars have also scrutinized the operation’s legality under international humanitarian law. Some argue that the absence of an active armed conflict between the U.S. and al-Qaeda at the time challenges the justification of bin

February 28, 2025 No Comments

Public Policies

NITI AAYOG’S SDG INDIA INDEX REPORTS: AN ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED CASE STUDIES

The MoSPI’s 2022 publication “Guidance on Monitoring Framework on SDGs at the sub-national Level” inter alia includes the guidelines for the development of SDG-based National Indicator Framework (NIF) and State Indicator Framework (SIF), which facilitates localization and assists State Governments in the development and refinement of the sub-national level monitoring framework by providing comprehensive guidance. In consonance with the MOSPI’s NIF and SIF, NITI Aayog has released four reports titled ‘SDG India Index,’ covering indices for 2018-19, 2019-20, 2020-21, and 2023-24 based on the globally accepted Sustainable Development Solution Network (SSDN) methodology. These reports illustrate the challenges respective States/UTs face in monitoring SDGs at the sub-national level, along with the best practices being followed in the States/UTs for SDG monitoring. This mechanism of monitoring through indigenized dashboards has facilitated Evidence-Based Policy Making (EBPM) in Indian policy circles. These tools evaluate the performance of the states and union territories aligned with the NIF, providing both goal-wise scores, ranking, and a composite score (0-100) that reflects overall progress collated from the raw data. (PIB, 2024). Thus, the following article undertakes four case studies (i.e., Delhi, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal) to assess and delineate the attempts of SDG localization on the ground.

February 28, 2025 No Comments

Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure

The Future of Work: How AI and Automation Will Reshape the Labor Market and Impact Human Jobs

Artificial intelligence (AI) and automation are reshaping industries, enhancing productivity, and driving economic growth. While these technologies streamline processes in sectors like healthcare, manufacturing, and finance, they also present challenges such as job displacement and widening economic inequality. AI-driven advancements demand a shift in workforce skills, emphasizing the need for reskilling and upskilling to ensure adaptability in an evolving job market. The Fourth Industrial Revolution underscores the importance of digital literacy, critical thinking, and emotional intelligence, bridging the gap between human capability and technological progress. Governments and corporations play a crucial role in fostering inclusive AI adoption through strategic policies, education reforms, and ethical AI practices. As AI continues to transform global economies, balancing innovation with workforce welfare is essential for sustainable development. By addressing skill mismatches and ensuring equitable access to technology, societies can harness AI’s potential while minimizing its disruptive impact on employment and social stability.

February 28, 2025 No Comments

FINANCE

BRICS AND THE PATH TO DE-DOLLARIZATION

ABSTRACT
BRICS continues its efforts to challenge the dominance of the U.S. dollar in global trade, the group is exploring ways to strengthen financial autonomy and develop a BRICS-specific reserve currency. The development of a reserve currency, together with ongoing efforts to enhance local currency trade, has the potential to reshape global economic systems. By addressing global dependence on the dollar, BRICS aims to empower its member states, foster economic sovereignty, and reduce vulnerabilities in global trade and finance.

February 28, 2025 No Comments

International Relations

India’s National Security Challenges in the context of Cross-border terrorism

Cross-border terrorism poses a severe threat to India’s national security, affecting its sovereignty, economy, and social stability. The evolving nature of terrorism, from infiltration to hybrid warfare and cyberattacks, has made counterterrorism efforts more complex. India faces challenges from Pakistan-backed groups, insurgencies in the Northeast, and emerging threats like drone warfare. While diplomatic measures and international cooperation are crucial, addressing root causes such as ideological radicalization and socio-economic disparities is essential. A comprehensive approach integrating technology, security reforms, and global alliances is necessary to safeguard India’s democratic values and ensure long-term peace and stability.

February 28, 2025 No Comments

Quality Education

Fighting Hunger, Promoting Learning: A Comparative Study of Free Meal Schemes

This paper highlights the critical role and outlines the free meal schemes of – India, Indonesia, Japan and Finland supplementing rural education.

February 28, 2025 No Comments

Blog

AI and Data Privacy Law: are we truly Protected by our data Shield?

1. Deepika, CLC, University of Delhi 2. Ajit Kumar, Faculty of Law, BHU 3.Pranjal Sahay, Bharti vidyapeeth university AI at a point can make human pointless as due to its usage people have stopped physical and neurological usage of their body. The physical activities of human will decrease which will impact the health of humans. Also , due to easy access of solution to problems at a certain period of time it might be possible that human will completely depend on AI and will stop using personal intelligence which will harm their neurological system. People will reduce their human interaction as AI will provide them with their emotional intelligence. It will not only harm in physical and emotional sense but also in financial sense. AI is way more efficient and efficient than human. Software like amto.ai has been developed to draft the file of a particular case in very less time against human who takes times for the procedure of drafting and there are more software present and are yet to come. Company will rely on AI for its fast working capacity which will eventually reduce the job opportunities for humans. AI has the power to create artificial environment. It can create a virtual ecosystem but this may hamper the actual natural environment. There are chances that due to AI at a certain point artificial natural resources will introduced for the survival but it will definitely impact the natural ecosystem which can be threat to living beings. Another aspect which should made forward is the infringement of privacy by AI. AI is present everywhere in the cyber world today. Be it any website or application AI collects individuals personal information which can affect the privacy. This sensitive information can be used against an individual and may create threat in personal as well as in professional life. Students use resumes generated through AI for which they have to agree certain terms and conditions which are usually overlooked. Also, while making transaction through online banking terms and conditions appears but is not taken into account. This definitely can lead to threaten to privacy of individuals. There might be possibility that these personal information can get into wrong hands which can create cyber problems like online threatening, obscenity, frauds, etc . In order to resolve the problems certain legislations has been to take control on AI. Data Privacy Law At Global Level:- Due to advancement in technology such as the advent of the AI, internet, mobile, devices and social media platforms, misuse of personal data is increasing day by day. So, the question is: how can we solve it ? To solve the problem, countries at the global level have taken some important steps, such as The European Union (EU) has passed the General Data Protection Regulation in 2018 and the USA has adopted a sectoral approach to privacy regulation and other countries such as Canada and Nigeria, have also taken steps.All these step will be discuss in following manner:- Steps taken by European Union (EU):- EU has passed the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 2018. The European Union (EU) stands at the forefront of global privacy protection with the enactment of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in 2018 (Cortez, 2020). The GDPR introduces a set of fundamental principles to govern the processing of personal data (Tamburri, 2020). It is enacted to regulate personal data and unify the data protection law across the europe. It is not bound by the territory, the GDPR applies to all the organizations. Crucially, the regulation establishes a robust framework for cross-border data transfers, promoting a unified approach to international data flows (Jiang, 2022. Okunade et al., 2023). This act contained some principles such as:- a) Fairness b) purpose limitation © Data minimization (d) Accuracy (e)Integrity and confidentiality etc. Further this act also provide some rights to the individual such as:- Right to Access Right to be forgotten Right ot be rectification Right to object Right to data portability Right to restriction of processing. In this act there is also provision regarding appointment of the Data Protection officer. The officer is required to be appointed by some organization. The main duty of the officer is to oversee the misuse of the data protection activity. In this act there is also provision of the penalties for non- compliance. Organizations can face penalties up to €20 million or 4% of their global annual turnover, whichever is higher. Steps Taken by the USA:- Unlike the EU, the United States follows a sectoral approach to privacy regulation, with laws addressing specific industries and types of data (Hartzog and Richards, 2020). Means there is no single data protection law like GDPR. The USA has adopted a sectoral approach to regulate privacy data in its country. In the usa there are lots of privacy laws such as: California consumer privacy act, provides rights to the residents of the california regarding the collection and use of their personal data.Consumer has right to know what data is being collected and for which purpose it will be used. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)- it deals with healthcare data. It applies for healthcare data and healthcare plans that deal with protected health information. The Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA):-it applies to operators of websites and service providers who knowingly collect the data from children under the age of 13 years old. Before collecting the data from the children under the age of 13 years old you have to take permission from its parents. The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA):- it applies in financial institutions and financial institutions require establishing the privacy policy regarding the financial information of the individuals. Steps Taken by the Canada:- in Canada, data privacy is governed by the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA).it is a federal law which sets some rules for how private organizations can collect, use and disclose personal information in the course of commercial activity. Further it also

February 28, 2025 No Comments

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