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Public Policies

Health Insurance Penetration and Its Impact on Access to Healthcare in Developing Countries

1.Introduction 1.1 Understanding Relative Income in Economic Decision Making Relative income, as opposed to absolute income, refers to an individual or household’s economic position in comparison to others within their society or social reference group. James Duesenberry formulated the Relative Income Hypothesis (1949), which emphasized that individuals derive utility not only from their income but also from how that income compares to the income of others. In the school- and education-related context, this means that the decision regarding school type (public vs. private), tutoring, and other learning resources is dependent not only on the economic circumstances of the household but also on social norms and competitive pressures. Relative income shapes educational expenditures in both up and downward directions. Frank (2007) argues that families are often pushed to spend on visible status goods by perceived social comparisons, with education being one of the most important ones. In a study by the Pew Research Center (2020), 62% of parents from urban areas in India reported “keeping up with peers” as a major consideration while spending on private tuitions and elite educational systems.This shows the non-linearity of educational investments: families will make a priority not due to their expectations of educational attainment, but because their sense of relative deprivation. 1.2 Link between Income and Educational Choices Statistical evidence from across the world and from Indian studies points toward strong concurrence between the income level of the household and the access to education. A significant proportion of high-income families can afford private schooling, extra tutoring, digital resources, and extracurriculars, all of which combine to enhance educational attainment. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5, 2019-21), the net attendance ratio for secondary education in India in the richest quintile is 71 percent, while in the poorest quintile, it is only 41 percent. According to UNESCO (2022), drop-out rates before completion of primary education are four times higher for children from bottom 20% income households than for those from the top 20%. Moreover, the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2023 further indicates that the higher-income households consistently perform better than their peers in foundational numeracy and literacy, suggesting that income determines not only access but quality and outcomes too. 1.3 Income Tax Policies as a Determinant of Educational Investment Income tax policy is one of the most important tools through which wealth can be redistributed in an economy. The way such tax policies are structured at a given time can either alleviate or exacerbate economic inequality. For instance, progressive taxation whereby wealthier earners pay higher taxes in proportion to their income is almost invariably associated with greater redistribution and greater public services, education among them. Regressive taxation, or systems with very few tax brackets and fewer redistributive mechanisms, on the contrary, tend to increase inequality and limit the potential for public investment. Countries with more progressive taxes and more public education expenditure, such as Finland, Sweden, and Norway, are also among the best-performing and highly unequal societies in the world, according to the OECD (2023). The tax-to-GDP ratio of India, which hovers around 11.4% (2022-23), is far below that of the OECD average of 34%. Public expenditure on education is still much lower than the world average at 2.9%, notwithstanding the Kothari recommendation of at least 3% of GDP. Such low fiscal space means relatively poorer access to investment in quality schooling particularly in resource-poor rural and peri-urban areas. Further, amendments in income tax laws, such as increased deductions for education loans under Section 80E or the introduction of the new tax regime in 2020, have introduced differential effects on households and have sometimes acted as incentives while at other times tended to act as deterrence on private educational investment. 2.Objectives The link between tax policies and education has increasingly gained currency among economists, policy-makers, and social scientists. This study seeks to assess how changes in the system of taxation, especially income taxation, affect household decisions about children’s education. The objectives are designed to look into direct economic effects and indirect socio-psychological effects concerning income inequality triggered by taxation. To analyze the impact of income tax reforms on household income and child education outcomes. Income tax legislation directly affects households’ disposable income. Governments utilize progressive tax structures, tax rebates, deductions for education, and conditional cash transfers to increase or decrease private investment in education. Regressive tax structures, on the other hand, put a heavier burden on poorer households, making them less able to invest in education. The focus of the goal is to look into how historical changes in income taxation policies have resulted in measurable differences in educational enrollment ratios, quality of education, and dropout rates across different segments of income. To analyze the role of income disparity in shaping aspiration for and access to quality schooling beyond absolute income, relative income- how well off a household is vis-a-vis all others within its reference group- can also influence attitudes regarding education. Children from poorer families might have lowered expectation and low motivation or feel stressed by trenchant socio-economic contrasts within school settings. Conversely, families feeling such pressure to “keep up” might invest heavily into education at the expense of basic necessities. This goal examines how such disparities, often exacerbated by uneven tax burdens and limited redistribution, shape aspirations and ultimately cascade down into education pathways. Theoretical Framework 2.1 Human Capital Theory First conceived by Theodore Schultz in the year 1961 and later amplified by Gary Becker in the year 1964, the Human Capital Theory describes education as a form of investment, just like physical capital, which gives back dividends in the form of increased productivity, better employment alternatives, and much more enhanced overall economic growth; according to the theory, households and individuals behave rationally in cozying up or letting go from investing their resources into education according to analysis of costs (tuition materials, opportunity cost of time) vis—vis expected returns-future income, job security, among others. According to this framework, household income becomes a significant determinant of the ability

May 25, 2025 No Comments

Public Policies

Relative Income and it’s effects on Child Education

In a country as socioeconomically diverse as India, the decision to invest in a child’s education is rarely dictated by income alone. Instead, it is shaped by a complex interplay of household earnings, perceived social standing, and the broader fiscal policies that govern disposable income. As income tax reforms continue to redefine the contours of economic opportunity, their ripple effects on educational choices—whether to pursue private schooling, supplemental tutoring, or higher education—become increasingly significant. This paper explores how relative income and income tax structures together influence household education decisions, not just through the lens of affordability, but also through social pressures, aspirations, and perceived deprivation. Drawing on Human Capital and Relative Deprivation theories, the study interrogates how inequality—both economic and psychological—translates into educational access and outcomes in contemporary India.

May 25, 2025 No Comments

Blog

Gendering The Green Agenda: The Role of Women in Environmental Governance at Local and Global levels

The article “Gendering The Green Agenda” examines the crucial yet underrepresented role of women in environmental governance at both local and global levels. Despite women’s historical contributions to conservation and their disproportionate vulnerability to ecological degradation, they face significant barriers to participation in formal decision-making processes, including institutional bias, limited educational opportunities, financial constraints, and entrenched cultural norms. Drawing from case studies like India’s Chipko Movement and Kenya’s Green Belt Movement, the article demonstrates how women’s leadership fosters more inclusive, equitable, and effective environmental outcomes through diverse perspectives, enhanced community engagement, and innovative solutions. While international frameworks increasingly recognize the importance of gender inclusion in environmental policy, implementation remains inconsistent. The article concludes that bridging the gap between women’s grassroots activism and formal policymaking is essential for sustainable development and climate resilience, requiring structural reforms, capacity-building initiatives, targeted funding, and cultural shifts in gender norms.

May 25, 2025 No Comments

Gender Equality

Economic Exploitation and Violence against Women in South Asia

Economic Exploitation and Violence against Women in South Asia By Saima Shamim, Yukti Goyal, Sharon Lugun, Kasturi Chakraborty, Adrita Dutta and Sanandita Mukherjee Abstract This study investigates how traditional and cultural practices in South Asian countries fuel ongoing violence against women, and how this violence, in turn, impacts the wider socio-economic landscape of South Asian countries. It looks at issues like son preference, child marriage, female infanticide, and the unequal treatment of women in areas like nutrition, education, and health, all through the lens of patriarchal social structures. The main goal of this study is to explore the long-term effects of violence against women on national productivity and GDP throughout South Asia, making the case that gender-based violence is not just a violation of human rights but also a significant developmental issue. By including Bangladesh as a case study within the larger regional context, the paper aims to uncover how overlapping factors like caste and class intensify the vulnerabilities faced by women. By including a comparative policy analysis with Scandinavian countries, renowned for their gender-equal governance and inclusive economic models, the paper aims to demonstrate how forward-thinking interventions can empower women and enhance national economic performance. The paper wraps up with tailored regional policy recommendations, calling for structural reforms, inclusive leadership, and gender-sensitive public policies. It stresses that academic research should drive practical strategies aimed at reducing gender inequality and unlocking the full economic potential of South Asian nations. What is Economic Exploitation? The term “Economic Exploitation” was introduced by Marx, and it refers to a relationship wherein the distribution of economic wealth is disproportional, i.e., the worker doesn’t receive an adequate amount of income or entitlement. This phenomenon of Economic Exploitation includes elements of gender wage gap, unpaid labour, informal economy and feminisation of poverty. Though Economic Exploitation is visible globally, it is particularly pronounced in South Asia, which is amongst the most populous parts of the world. This economic exploitation is often deeply rooted in structural inequalities, traditional gender roles, and the lack of social security. Women bear the brunt of most of these injustices as they face limited access to education, healthcare and employment opportunities. This creates a cycle of poverty and dependence that is difficult to break. As the region moves towards economic growth and globalisation, it is more imperative than ever to consider how economic policy and labour conditions affect women in these countries. Understanding the multifaceted nature of economic exploitation in South Asia is essential not only for intellectual debate but also for the creation of inclusive and equitable developmental policies. Forms of Economic Exploitation: Though Economic Exploitation occurs in various forms, three of the broadest forms include: Wage Gap and Unequal Pay- Gender wage gaps refer to the stark difference in earnings between men and women, often reflected as a percentage which shows that women are generally the ones to earn less than men. A host of factors like educational attainment, occupational segregation, experience and discrimination play a vital role in influencing this disparity. According to a report by ‘Progress of the World’s Women: Transforming Economies, Realising Rights’, between 1990 and 2013, women’s labour force participation rate (LFPR) in South Asia decreased from 35 to 30 per cent, resulting in a gender gap in labour force participation. This decline is primarily a result of lower participation rates from India, as not only do younger women stay back in education, but also there exists a general lack of employment opportunities for women. The gender pay gap in South Asia is at 33% as opposed to the 24% pay gap that exists globally. A key point to be noted is the fact that in South Asia, the pay gap is alarmingly higher in the urban areas as compared to the rural areas. Agriculture remains the most important source of work in South Asia, which employs 71% of women and 47% of men. Female health and care workers are often paid criminally low wages and are more often than not employed voluntarily. For instance, the Anganwadi Childcare workers in India. The poor and hazardous working conditions adversely impact the lives of thousands of workers, such as the ‘2013 Rana Plaza disaster, where around 3,600 garment workers (most of them women) were either killed or severely injured after an eight-storey factory collapsed in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This report also talks about how across South Asia, women do and are also expected to engage more in unpaid care and domestic work as compared to their male counterparts. Such norms and practices give rise to the concept of “double burden” for women, where they need to meet the expectations at their workplace as well as ace all their familial duties, even though they aren’t compensated enough for either of them. Thus, even though there has been a substantial improvement in educational opportunities for women, the same cannot be said for their employment. Gendered Entrepreneurship Barriers- A journal article titled “The Complex Relationship between Education and Female Labour: The Curious Case of India” by Tisya Munjal, examines the paradox of increasing female literacy rate and a declining participation of women in the labour force. This journal also goes on to say that governmental initiatives of programs and policies like “Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao” and the New Education Policy (NEP) of 2020 have failed to integrate women more effectively into the workforce. Some factors which contribute to such low participation of women in the workforce include- i) Societal and Cultural Norms, where deep-seated patriarchal mindsets and stereotypes restrict women’s work opportunities only to the private sphere, i.e., their respective homes. ii) Often, families encourage their daughters to finish at least some basic level of higher education, not to enhance their employment opportunities. Rather, this is done to boost their marriage prospects. In certain communities, a higher social status is attributed to families where the women are educated but not employed. iii) This journal also goes on to state that the curriculum is unable to adapt quickly to the fast-paced changing

May 25, 2025 No Comments

International Relations

DIPLOMACY IN CONFLICT REGIONS

ABSTRACT Diplomacy in conflict region’s failure is not measured in policy terms, but in human lives. In volatile zones such as Gaza, Sudan, or Eastern Ukraine, diplomacy transcends quiet negotiations; it becomes an urgent, high-risk pursuit of stability amid violence and fractured authority. One of the central challenges is the absence of a neutral ground. In asymmetric conflicts—where governments, insurgents, and foreign proxies simultaneously claim legitimacy—diplomats confront an ethical dilemma: to engage may risk legitimising violence, yet to disengage may prolong suffering. Sovereignty and humanitarian duty often collide. The 2011 Libya intervention, which began as a humanitarian effort and swiftly turned into regime change, underscores the tension between moral responsibility and political consequence. Impartiality is also fragile. In arenas where great powers support opposing sides—such as Syria or Yemen—diplomatic credibility is compromised, and multilateral institutions like the UN or African Union struggle to mediate with authority. Realpolitik casts a long shadow. Strategic interests—alliances with authoritarian regimes, energy corridors, or migration control—often overshadow human rights, transforming diplomacy into a quiet enabler of instability. Yet history also offers lessons in resilience. Peace-building efforts in Colombia or post-genocide Rwanda highlight the potential of diplomacy when it is inclusive, sustained, and locally grounded. In these fragile contexts, diplomacy must be more than negotiation. It requires moral clarity, cultural fluency, and principled resolve. Diplomats must engage not only with governments but also with the voices of the displaced, the silenced, and the scarred. Ultimately, diplomacy in conflict zones must evolve beyond crisis management. It must become a force for structural transformation—dismantling the systems that sustain violence and rebuilding futures rooted in justice, dignity, and peace. KEYWORDS: Conflict Diplomacy, Asymmetric Warfare, Humanitarian Intervention, Sovereignty vs Human Rights, Ethical Dilemmas in Diplomacy, and Structural Transformation. INTRODUCTION In conflict zones, diplomacy is no longer a quiet, behind-the-scenes craft—it becomes a high-stakes mission where words can save lives or deepen wounds. As the world grapples with protracted crises in Gaza, Sudan, Eastern Ukraine, Syria, and beyond, the traditional frameworks of diplomatic engagement are being tested like never before. The boundaries between state and non-state actors blur. Legitimacy is contested. Neutral ground is elusive. In such volatile terrains, diplomacy becomes not just a matter of negotiation, but of survival, ethics, and strategy. This article explores the complex dimensions of diplomacy in conflict regions, where each decision carries profound humanitarian, political, and moral consequences. It examines how diplomats navigate contested sovereignty, asymmetrical warfare, and fractured authority structures—often under pressure from competing global interests. Through real-world cases, it analyses the ethical dilemmas of engagement: when speaking to violent actors risks legitimising them, but silence may mean abandoning the vulnerable. Furthermore, the article interrogates the role of multilateral institutions such as the United Nations and African Union, whose efforts are often constrained by limited authority and geopolitical influence. It explores how realpolitik—strategic alliances, energy dependencies, and migration controls—can distort diplomatic priorities, sometimes at the cost of long-term peace. Yet amid these challenges, the article also highlights pathways forward. Drawing on examples of transformative peace building efforts, it argues that diplomacy in conflict zones must evolve beyond reactive crisis management. It must become a proactive force for structural change—one that listens to the displaced, centre’s justice, and rebuilds war-torn societies with dignity. By tracing the tensions between principle and pragmatism, this article aims to provoke fresh thinking about diplomacy’s role in the world’s most fragile regions—and to imagine a future where diplomacy becomes a genuine instrument of peace. TYPES OF CONFLICT AREAS AND THEIR UNIQUE CHALLENGES Typologies of conflict zones and their distinct challenges. In a world increasingly shaped by geopolitical tensions and internal fractures, understanding the types of conflict zones is essential for developing sustainable peace frameworks. While conflicts often overlap in causes and outcomes, they are commonly categorised as ethnic, ideological, resource-based, territorial, and political. Each presents a distinct set of challenges for policymakers, peace builders, and affected communities. Ethnic Conflicts Ethnic conflicts stem from historical grievances, cultural exclusion, or contested national identities. Since 1946, nearly 40% of armed conflicts have had ethnic dimensions.¹ South Sudan and the Balkans exemplify how deeply rooted ethnic divisions disrupt state-building and require long-term reconciliation efforts that go beyond ceasefires. Ideological Conflicts Ideologically driven conflicts are marked by clashes in political, religious, or philosophical beliefs. The Taliban in Afghanistan or ISIS in the Levant illustrate how such rigid ideologies threaten pluralism.² These conflicts resist resolution through military means alone and demand counter-radicalisation, education, and ideological reintegration. Resource-Based Conflicts Over 45% of civil wars since 1990 have been linked to disputes over natural resources.³ In places like the Niger Delta and the DRC, the struggle over oil or minerals is intensified by environmental degradation, corruption, and foreign exploitation. These dynamics turn local grievances into protracted violence. Territorial Conflicts Disputes involving borders—such as Kashmir, the South China Sea, or Israel-Palestine—are rooted in sovereignty claims, national identity, and legal ambiguity.⁴ These conflicts often become internationalised, with negotiation complicated by competing historical narratives and strategic interests. Political Conflicts Political instability frequently emerges in fragile democracies or autocracies. Myanmar’s 2021 coup and Venezuela’s constitutional crisis show how governance failures and power struggles trigger civil unrest and legitimatise institutions.⁵ Restoring trust and accountability in such contexts is a long, delicate process. Therefore, each conflict zone carries unique historical, political, and socioeconomic complexities. Lasting peace cannot emerge from generic solutions; it requires tailored, inclusive strategies that address root causes, not just symptoms. By appreciating the distinctions between conflict types, global actors can better foster durable and just peace. DIPLOMATIC METHODS USED IN CONFLICTS Diplomacy continues to be one of the pillars of conflict resolution and transformation across the world. Diplomacy involves a range of formal and informal dialogue and negotiations, and efforts to mitigate hostility, promote cooperation and sustain peace in the long-term. Particularly when applied in conflict-ridden areas, like the middle east, sub-saharan Africa and certain areas of South Asia, diplomacy encompasses both formal and informal methods of statecraft and peace-building. The

May 21, 2025 No Comments

Climate Action

Role of Women in Climate Resilience in Delhi’s Informal Settlements

Rebeka Shaw, Aayushi Rai, Niyati Kotiyal, Ravi Ranjan Kumar, Kushi N Jain Introduction India is confronting a growing climate problem. Anthropogenic climate change is responsible for 37% of heat-related deaths worldwide, and the nation has routinely broken heat records. According to the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), these deaths increased by 34% between 2013 and 2022 in contrast to the decade before. At the centre of this dilemma lies Delhi, a heavily crowded city with over 33 million inhabitants that is characterised by severe climate variability, chronic air pollution, and inadequate infrastructure. The majority of this exacerbated situation is concentrated in Delhi’s informal settlements, which are home to nearly 10 million people, in a city that is itself ranked among the most polluted in the world by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Women in these informal settlements are vulnerable on several levels in this situation. They are disproportionately impacted by climate-induced shocks like heatwaves, droughts, and floods since they are the major carers and managers of the household care sector. However, despite playing a crucial role in preserving the livelihoods of households and communities, they are often excluded from official climate decision-making processes. Systemic hurdles including restricted access to technology, education, financing, and land further exacerbate this marginalisation. Women and girls, who are more likely to experience violence, exploitation, and instability, makeup 80% of those displaced by climate disasters worldwide. However, despite these challenges, women are more than just helpless victims. Their leadership abilities, resilience, and local knowledge are crucial to adaptation initiatives. The important but frequently unseen roles that women play in enhancing climate resilience in Delhi’s informal settlements are highlighted in this article. Along with providing a detailed study of both grassroots action and structural gaps, it also looks at the larger policy frameworks that support or undermine their activities. Policy Landscape: Multilevel Governance for Gender-Inclusive Climate Action To understand women’s roles in climate resilience, we must first examine the multilevel policy frameworks that shape their participation. While the global and national policies reflect a growing recognition of gender equity in climate action, the extent to which these policies translate into effective, local implementation remains varied. Globally, the Paris Agreement and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)- especially Goal 5 (Gender Equality), Goal 11 (Sustainable Cities), and Goal 13 (Climate Action), underscore the importance of inclusive and gender-responsive urban planning. UNFCCC’s Gender Action Plan and CEDAW’s General Recommendation No. 37 further emphasize women’s leadership in disaster risk reduction and climate governance. Mechanisms like the Loss and Damage Fund created at COP27 provide financial support to vulnerable communities, including urban slum dwellers. At the national level, India’s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) integrates gender considerations across key missions. Locally, the Delhi State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC) encourages women-led adaptation strategies in areas like water conservation, waste management, and disaster preparedness. The Mukhyamantri Mahila Samman Yojana (2024) adds another layer by providing institutional and financial support to strengthen women’s climate resilience and livelihood security. These frameworks lay the foundation for gender-inclusive climate action. However, to gauge their real impact, we must shift our focus to the urban peripheries- Delhi’s informal settlements, where the struggle for survival and resilience plays out most vividly. Situating the Crisis: Delhi’s Informal Settlements as Climate Hotspot Delhi’s informal settlements are situated at the nexus of urban vulnerability and environmental stress. These neighbourhoods experience disproportionately higher impacts from extreme heat, flooding, and pollution. The city recently recorded temperatures as high as 52.9℃ in May 2024, exacerbated by the urban heat island effect and poor housing infrastructure, particularly in slum areas lacking proper ventilation and insulation. The projected increase in Delhi’s average annual temperatures by 1–4℃ by 2050 translates into a 4% rise in mortality for every degree above 29℃. Additionally, monsoon variability and heavy rainfall lead to flooding and water contamination, especially in areas close to the Yamuna River. These events result in disease outbreaks, loss of livelihoods, and increased health risks, further destabilizing vulnerable communities, particularly women, who already shoulder the burdens of domestic care and resource provisioning. These lived experiences underscore the urgency of centring women in climate adaptation efforts. Fortunately, several grassroots initiatives have emerged that do just that. MAP 1: Location of the Area of Study Source: Compiled by the Authors Women in Action: Grassroots Leadership and Community Resilience In response to the mounting climate challenges faced by women in these vulnerable communities, organizations like the Mahila Housing Trust (MHT) have played a critical role in empowering them to lead climate adaptation initiatives. MHT’s work spans climate education, leadership training, and infrastructural interventions tailored to the everyday realities of women in informal settlements. 1. Climate Education: Using tools like games and visual media, MHT demystifies climate science for women, focusing on everyday impacts- such as water shortages, disease, and heat waves. 2. Clean Energy and Cool Roofs: Through partnerships with electricity companies, MHT facilitates the installation of solar panels and promotes cool roofs- affordable solutions that significantly reduce indoor heat and energy bills. 3. Air Pollution Advocacy: In collaboration with Help Delhi Breathe (HDB), MHT has engaged female construction workers in resettlement colonies like Bakkarwala and Sawda Ghevra to raise awareness about air pollution. These women are not only learning about the hazards but actively mobilizing for clean air and influencing local policy. Complementing the efforts of organizations like MHT, individual leaders have also emerged from within communities to drive change. One such example is Shipra Narula, a former youth volunteer who began her journey with Swechha’s Yamuna cleanup campaign during her undergraduate years. Moved by the sight of the heavily polluted river, she transitioned from participant to leader, gradually expanding her work into city-wide afforestation projects such as Monsoon Wooding, which has planted thousands of native trees across Delhi-NCR. Shipra’s climate leadership is rooted not in formal authority but in lived experience and community action. She has worked closely with slum communities to improve access to clean water and sanitation, while also mentoring young people, especially girls, through

May 21, 2025 No Comments

Good Health and Well-being

Screens Before Speech: Rethinking Early Childhood Development in A Digital Age

Rebeka Shaw, Aayushi Rai, Niyati Kotiyal, Ravi Ranjan Kumar, Kushi N Jain Introduction In today’s hyper-connected world, digital devices are woven into the fabric of childhood from an early age. What once began as a tool for education and entertainment has evolved into a constant presence in children’s lives, shaping how they learn, play, and interact with the world. While technology offers undeniable benefits like interactive learning and easy access to information, its unregulated use has raised red flags about developmental and mental health risks. Studies suggest that excessive screen time, especially passive viewing, can hinder language development, disrupt sleep, and increase impulsivity and attention deficits. The constant stimulation from digital content and notifications can fragment children’s focus and impair their ability to concentrate on academic or social tasks. Sleep disturbances, often triggered by nighttime screen use, further compound these effects by affecting memory and emotional regulation. Psychological theories, such as Jean Piaget’s, remind us that active, hands-on interaction is crucial for cognitive growth. But in a world where screens replace physical play, these foundational experiences are often compromised. Add to that modern parenting pressures, urban routines, dual incomes, and digital babysitting, and the developmental equation becomes even more complicated. Adolescents, too, are facing the fallout. According to the WHO, nearly 14% of youth aged 10-19 suffer from mental health issues, with suicide ranking alarmingly as the fourth leading cause of death in this age group. And yet, health systems, especially in India, remain underprepared, with pediatric care often overlooking digital exposure as a root cause of behavioural challenges. The need for awareness, moderation, and informed strategies becomes urgent as AI-powered tools and digital content become increasingly embedded in childhood environments. In this digital era, the question isn’t whether children should use technology, but how, when, and how much. Navigating this terrain requires conscious parenting, evidence-based guidelines, and a healthcare system equipped to recognise emerging developmental patterns. The way we manage children’s digital exposure today will shape not only their mental health and learning capacity but also the very fabric of tomorrow’s workforce and society. Literature Review Mobile-based child health monitoring has emerged as a critical tool in strengthening maternal and child healthcare in India, particularly through initiatives like the POSHAN Tracker, Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Portal, and the broader National Digital Health Mission (NDHM). Literature highlights the success of mHealth tools in enhancing immunisation tracking, antenatal/postnatal care, and nutritional monitoring. However, challenges persist in digital access, especially across rural and low-literacy populations. Studies in sociology emphasise the role of gender norms, caste hierarchies, and community trust in influencing the adoption of digital health tools. From a psychological perspective, user motivation, technology-related anxiety, and behavioural inertia impact usage by caregivers. Urban planning and sustainable urbanism literature underlines the infrastructural divide in health service delivery between urban slums and peri-urban areas. Meanwhile, public policy research critiques the fragmented implementation of digital health schemes, stressing the need for convergence and capacity-building among frontline health workers. Business and management studies focus on the scalability and sustainability of mobile platforms, highlighting the role of public-private partnerships in health tech ecosystems. The interdisciplinary review reveals that while technology offers promising solutions, socio-cultural, behavioural, infrastructural, and governance dimensions must be integrated for effective and equitable child health monitoring. Objectives of the Study The increasing integration of digital technologies into parenting, ranging from mobile-based child health monitoring applications to AI-assisted caregiving tools, has transformed the way early childhood is experienced and managed. Particularly after the COVID-19 pandemic, the reliance on screens for both caregiving and entertainment has grown significantly, leading to critical questions about its long-term impact on children’s mental, emotional, and cognitive development. This study aims to explore these complex dynamics within the Indian context, focusing on five core objectives: • To assess the developmental consequences of early and excessive screen exposure on infants and young children (aged 0–5 years), with attention to delayed speech, emotional dysregulation, attention disorders, and emerging symptoms associated with “virtual autism.” • To evaluate the role of digital tools, including mobile-based health tracking apps and AI-powered parenting assistants, in modern caregiving practices. This includes identifying both their benefits in health monitoring and the risks of digital overdependence. • To examine the readiness and responsiveness of India’s pediatric healthcare and early childhood education systems in identifying, diagnosing, and managing screen-related developmental concerns. This involves assessing gaps in infrastructure, training, and awareness. • To explore the extended social and behavioural consequences of early digital immersion, especially its correlation with adolescent impulsivity, risk-taking behaviours (including substance abuse and poor reproductive health awareness), and future workforce competencies. • To propose integrated policy-level recommendations that address parenting practices, pediatric healthcare protocols, public awareness strategies, and organisational preparedness for managing the digitally-formed generation. By addressing these objectives, the study seeks to provide a multidimensional understanding of how digital parenting is reshaping childhood and society at large. Findings and Discussions: Insights into Parenting and Developmental Issues In today’s hyperconnected world, digital devices are transforming not only how adults work and socialise but also the earliest stages of childhood development. Increasingly, children are being introduced to screens long before their first words, raising growing concerns among health professionals, educators, and parents. Emerging evidence, including from Indian pediatric practices, suggests that excessive screen time in early childhood is linked to delays in speech and social development, emotional regulation difficulties, shortened attention spans, and even autism-like symptoms in some children. This article explores the issue through three interrelated lenses: parenting practices, developmental impacts, and public health system readiness, supported by real-life case studies from India. Digital Babysitting and Parenting Practices Modern parenting is shaped by time constraints, nuclear family setups, and growing dependence on digital tools. With dual-income households and long work hours becoming the norm, especially in urban India, many parents rely on digital devices to manage childcare gaps , a trend often referred to as digital babysitting. In urban homes, devices are frequently used to pacify toddlers during meals, chores, or downtime. In semi-urban and rural areas,

May 21, 2025 No Comments

Blog

CYBERWARFARE AND AI IN DIPLOMACY

ABSTRACT In an era where technological warfare dictates geopolitical power, Cyber Warfare and AI in Diplomacy have become pivotal yet dangerously unregulated domains. The increasing reliance on AI-driven cyber operations, digital espionage, and strategic cyber-attacks has reshaped global diplomacy, yet the absence of legally binding international frameworks leaves nations vulnerable. While world leaders acknowledge the risks, consensus on governance remains elusive, creating a policy vacuum that adversaries continue to exploit. This article examines the evolution of cyber warfare, the integration of AI in statecraft, and the geopolitical implications of cyber conflicts. Through case studies of major cyber incidents, we analyse how nations leverage cyber warfare as a tool of power projection and diplomatic leverage. The research further explores how AI amplifies both offensive and defensive cyber capabilities, blurring the lines between warfare and diplomacy. Our methodology is multi-disciplinary, with each team member analyzing distinct aspects—historical evolution, contemporary threats, and policy gaps. By integrating real-world incidents, strategic analyses, and diplomatic challenges, we underscore the urgent need for global AI cybersecurity regulations. The findings suggest that without proactive international cooperation, cyber conflicts will escalate, destabilizing global security and reshaping diplomatic engagement. KEYWORDS: Cyber Warfare, Digital Diplomacy, Global Security, AI Policy, Cybersecurity, Autonomous Systems, and Conflict Prevention. INTRODUCTION The emergence of new technologies is largely responsible for the rapid changes in the global security landscape. Among these, governments, organizations, and society around the world are increasingly concerned about cyber warfare. Cyber attacks are a serious threat to infrastructure, national security, and even the balance of power in the world, making what was previously a theoretical or future idea an indisputable reality. In the context of cyber warfare and international relations, artificial intelligence (AI) has become both a tool and a challenge as the complexity and reach of cyber threats increase. The way battles are fought and settled has fundamentally changed as a result of the convergence of AI and cyber warfare. AI is transforming both military and diplomatic tactics with its capacity to process enormous volumes of data, anticipate cyber threats, and even make judgments in real-time. The lines separating classic combat from contemporary diplomacy are blurring as nation-states and other actors depend more and more on AI-driven systems. AI-powered cyber attacks can now do more than simply take down networks; they are instruments that can change the balance of power in the world and the way countries interact and negotiate with one another. This aim to investigate the expanding importance of artificial intelligence (AI) in the fields of diplomacy and cyber warfare, with an emphasis on how it affects security plans and conflict resolution. This article explores how technology is changing the character of diplomacy and conflict, from analyzing important case studies of cyber events to comprehending the moral and legal conundrums raised by AI. We’ll also examine how international organizations like the UN and NATO might address the issues raised by AI’s impact on international security. As we look to the future, understanding how AI will continue to shape both the battlefield and diplomatic discussions is crucial for navigating an increasingly complex geopolitical environment. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of these emerging trends and their potential implications for the future of international relations and cyber security. EVOLUTION OF CYBER-WARFARE Cybersecurity has evolved from an experimental field into a cornerstone of global security. In the 1970s, interconnected computing began with ARPANET, revealing vulnerabilities that led to the first self-replicating program, Creeper (1971). Though non-malicious, it prompted the creation of Reaper, the first antivirus. By the 1980s, as personal computing expanded, cyber threats became more sophisticated. The Morris Worm (1988), infecting 10% of the internet, marked a turning point, leading to the establishment of the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT). The late 1990s and early 2000s saw cybercrime become organized. The ILOVEYOU virus (2000) exploited email vulnerabilities, infecting millions. The 2000s also witnessed a shift from disruption to financial and geopolitical motives. The SQL Slammer (2003) and Conficker (2008) worms demonstrated large-scale vulnerabilities, while the Stuxnet attack (2010), allegedly by the U.S. and Israel, introduced cyber warfare into physical systems by crippling Iran’s nuclear program. By the 2010s, cyber warfare expanded with the rise of ransomware, AI-driven hacking, and disinformation campaigns. The WannaCry (2017) attack disrupted global infrastructure, while deepfake-driven misinformation fueled cyber fraud, election interference, and identity theft. By the 2020s, cyber threats became more advanced, with AI-powered phishing and autonomous hacking targeting critical sectors, while deepfake technology became a tool for large-scale digital deception. In 2025, quantum computing threatens modern encryption, and AI-driven cyberattacks are increasingly weaponized. Recent incidents, such as the Ukraine Railway Cyberattack (March 2025) and suspected sabotage of Baltic Sea cables (November 2024), signal how cyber warfare is now an essential tool in geopolitical conflicts. As these threats escalate, global cybersecurity strategies must evolve rapidly to counter this new digital battlefield. AI IN CYBER-WARFARE The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has triggered a paradigm shift in global security dynamics, particularly in the realm of cyberwarfare. As AI continues to evolve, its applications in digital warfare have become increasingly sophisticated, making both defensive and offensive cyber operations more potent. While AI enhances national security through automated threat detection and response, it also presents unprecedented risks if exploited by malicious actors. The dystopian possibilities of unchecked AI in cyberwarfare have been explored in various academic and literary works. One such notable reference is Martin C. Libicki’s “Cyber deterrence and Cyberwar”, which warns of AI’s potential to escalate digital conflicts beyond human control. The surge in cyberattacks worldwide is a testament to the growing role of AI in warfare. In recent years, nation-state actors and independent hacker groups have employed AI-driven malware, deepfake technology, and automated phishing campaigns to target governments, corporations, and even individuals. The SolarWinds hack and the Colonial Pipeline attack serve as stark reminders of how AI-enhanced cyber threats can cripple critical infrastructure. Additionally, AI-powered bots have been increasingly used in disinformation campaigns, manipulating public opinion

May 19, 2025 No Comments

Blog

The Impact of Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Automation on Employment Trends and Income Inequality – Copy

This article talks about how automation, robotics, and AI are reshaping the global job market, bringing both progress and challenges. While these technologies enhance productivity and create new opportunities, they also threaten routine and mid-level jobs, potentially deepening income inequality. The text stresses the importance of government action, investment in digital infrastructure, and a focus on education and reskilling to ensure that technological advancement benefits everyone and no one is left behind.

May 19, 2025 No Comments

Good Health and Well-being

Patterns and Influenctial Factors affecting Menstrual Health Expenditure

Authors: Anamika R, Anaswara Obrin, Sreelakshmi PM. 1.Introduction Menstrual health is a fundamental aspect of women’s well-being, yet millions around the world continue to face barriers to accessing safe, affordable, and hygienic menstrual products. These barriers are often rooted in financial strain and social stigma surrounding menstruation. In many low- and middle-income countries, particularly in rural or underserved areas, menstruators are forced to resort to unsafe alternatives due to the high cost and unavailability of menstrual health products. The result is a pervasive cycle of “period poverty,” with consequences that extend beyond physical discomfort, impacting education, mental health, economic productivity, and social inclusion. This paper explores the role of financial constraints and social norms in shaping menstrual health expenditure and access. Drawing on both secondary data and a primary survey of urban women in India, the research highlights the disparities in menstrual product accessibility, spending patterns, and awareness across different income groups and age brackets. It also examines the challenges of adopting sustainable menstrual products and assesses the effectiveness of existing government schemes and private initiatives. By identifying key gaps in awareness, affordability, and accessibility, this study aims to provide actionable recommendations for policy and community-level intervention. 2. Literature Review Period poverty is an issue that is rooted in economic disparity and gender inequality. It reflects a broader systemic issue where essential health needs of menstruators, especially women and girls, are often overlooked. According to a World Bank Report, in 2022, over 500 million women globally lacked access to menstrual products and adequate facilities for menstrual hygiene management. An overview report for Low and Middle-income countries estimates 78% of menstruators use purpose-made menstrual health products, which include single-use pads and tampons, with reusable options remaining underutilized. The annual cost of such products amounts to $28.8 billion, with 99% of costs attributed to single-use items. Highlighting a significant opportunity to promote reusable menstrual products, which are more cost-effective and environmentally sustainable in the long term. (S.K et al,.2024). However, the uptake of reusable products remains low due to a lack of awareness, unavailability and social stigma. In India, the situation is alarming as 12% of women cannot afford period products. NFHS data show that in 2021, approximately 50 percent of women aged 15-24 years still used cloth for menstrual protection. In rural areas, many women resort to unsafe alternatives such as rags, sand, hay, and ash as alternative methods due to the lack of availability of products. This increases the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and other health complications (Wilson, 2022). While the average cost of menstrual products per month is Rs. 300, this constitutes a significant burden for lower-income groups, particularly when the average daily wage remains around Rs. 180. Given that the exorbitant cost of period products is a gruesome burden on the lower-income groups. Around 23 million girls drop out of school annually due to the lack of safe and sanitary menstrual hygiene management, including access to products and a lack of awareness about menstruation. (Wilson,R.2022) In response, international and national organizations have introduced initiatives aimed at improving access and affordability. The World Bank suggests removing market entry barriers for the private sector companies to improve competition and access. Organizations like Zana Africa demonstrated a successful model by distributing sanitary pads and health education, which is supported by the Kenyan Teacher Service Commission. Similarly, in India, social enterprises like Aakar Innovations have empowered women to manufacture and distribute affordable, high-quality sanitary napkins, while also raising awareness about menstrual hygiene management. Their “Anandi” pads serve as a locally produced, low-cost and eco-friendly alternative. On the policy front, India has taken several steps towards improving menstrual health: Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK), launched in 2014 by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, focuses on raising awareness on menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls. ASHA workers distributed subsidised packs of sanitary napkins at Rs. 6 each. Under the Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Janaushadhi Pariyojana (PMBJP), over 8,700 Janaushadhi Kendras offer oxo-biodegradable pads at just Rs. 1 per pad (Roy, 2024). While the measures adopted by the government shall be appreciated doubt still lingers on the effective implementation of these schemes. The supply of pads at health centers is reported to be irregular, which erodes the effectiveness of the scheme. The lack of awareness regarding the government initiatives promoting the use of menstrual products prevents women in need from availing them (S.K et al.,2024). The consequences of these systemic failures are not only physical but also social and psychological. Poor menstrual hygiene can lead to infections and reproductive health issues (Babagoli et al., 2022). At the same time, providing good access to menstrual hygiene products reduces the risk of infections and teen pregnancies and increases fertility. A sanitary pad intervention in Ghana found that after six months of free sanitary pad provision and puberty education, girls missed significantly less school (Montgomery et al.,2012). The word is synonymous with injustice and inequity (Jaafar et al.,2023). Affordability is a strong barrier to access to menstrual products, particularly for poor women. The implicit sexism and underlying gender inequality in the high pricing of essential female hygiene products is not unnoticed (Miller et al.,2024) 3. Methodology The cross-sectional analysis was conducted using primary data through questionnaire based web survey on urban women. Data has been collected from websites of The world Bank, The UN and the WHO. Articles from Google Scholar, National Institute of Health, International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and gynecology, Ujaas, Rashtriya Kishor Swaasthya Kaaryakram website for the comprehensive literature review. 4. Analysis A survey was conducted with 70 urban women aged between 20 to 50 years, segmented into three age groups: 20–30, 30–40, and 40–50. The respondents were categorized by household income: Low income: ₹15,000–₹35,000 Middle income: ₹35,001–₹75,000 High income: Above ₹75,000 Respondents also represented a diverse occupational range: employees (45.7%), self-employed, homemakers, students, and others. Educational backgrounds varied, with the majority holding postgraduate degrees (57.1%). This was to check the incidence of meeting menstrual requirements of non-earning female members

May 19, 2025 No Comments

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