Abstract:
This study examines the influence of international trade agreements and trade openness on economic growth using World Bank data from 1960–2024. Findings reveal a weak relationship between trade openness and GDP growth, highlighting the importance of institutions, infrastructure, productivity, and economic policies.

Keywords: International Trade, Trade Agreements, Trade Openness, Economic Growth, GDP Growth, World Bank

This study uses network analysis of UN General Assembly voting patterns from 1990 to 2019 to identify informal geopolitical alliances. It finds that voting alignment extends well beyond formal institutions like NATO and BRICS, revealing a deeply divided multipolar order.

This study uses United Nations voting data and network analysis to understand how countries align with one another. It identifies three major voting communities and shows how powerful states lead their groups, while countries such as India and Egypt connect different blocs. The findings highlight a more flexible, multipolar world.

Every crisis produces the same headline: the Global South has picked a side. A
decade of UN voting data says otherwise. The blocs reassemble with every issue.
Even the G4, four states with one ambition, does not vote as one.