IISPPR

Public Policies
Madhuleena Das

A Comparative Analysis of Previous Trump-Era and Biden-Era Immigration Policies: Shifts in Enforcement, Humanitarian Approach, and Legal Pathways in the United States.

Conclusion
The comparison of immigration policies under the Trump and Biden administrations highlights a stark contrast in ideology, execution, and humanitarian priorities. While the Trump era was marked by stringent enforcement, deterrence strategies, and significant rollbacks of asylum protections, the Biden administration has attempted to adopt a more humane and inclusive approach. Implementation of legal pathways requires consideration of the rights of asylum seekers, a broad range of civil society actors, and compliance with international and domestic law, but legal pathways moulded in the US for the sake of personal belief of political parties exploit the rights of immigrants, making them dependent on leadership rather than pure essence of Law and Policy. Economic nativism views immigration as a threat to native citizens’ economic well-being, but recent CBO findings highlight immigration’s positive impacts on labour shortage, creation of business, and employment creation.
Ultimately, the analysis reveals that while leadership change can influence the direction of immigration policy, long-term transformation requires legislative action, administrative consistency, and public support. As the U.S. continues to grapple with global migration challenges, future policies must strike a balance between border security and the protection of human rights—reaffirming the country’s commitment to both law enforcement and humanitarian leadership.

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International Relations
Sejal Verma

The Complex Relationship Between the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America: Economic ,Political and Strategic Implications for India

The relationship between the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and the United States of America (USA) has been intricate and often contentious since the PRC’s establishment in 1949. Following the normalization of relations in the 1970s, this bilateral relationship has been characterized by disputes over Taiwan’s political status, territorial conflicts in the South China Sea, and human rights issues concerning the Uyghurs in Xinjiang. Despite these tensions, the two nations are deeply economically intertwined, accounting for over 44% of global nominal GDP. China holds a significant portion of US Treasury securities, highlighting their financial interdependence. The 2007-2008 financial crisis led to concerns in China regarding US economic volatility, prompting a reevaluation of their investment strategies. As both nations continue to assert their global influence, the dynamic between cooperation and competition will shape international relations in the coming years. Understanding this relationship is crucial for anticipating future geopolitical developments.

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International Relations
Sejal Verma

The Impact of International Relations on the Indian Economy

The article examines the impact of international relations on the Indian economy, focusing on key geopolitical events such as the Russia-Ukraine war, Middle East conflicts, and tensions in the Indo-Pacific region. It highlights the economic implications, including the depreciation of the rupee, trade disruptions, and energy security challenges. The paper also addresses the rise of protectionist policies in Western nations and their effect on India’s trade patterns and capital movements. Ultimately, it emphasizes the need for India to enhance manufacturing competitiveness, diversify trade partnerships, and adapt to global changes to ensure sustainable economic growth.

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Good Health and Well-being
SHIERIE FATMA

HEAT, HUNGER AND HEALTH ALARMING FOR 2025

Towards Sustainable Development in 2025 and Beyond: The interconnectedness of climate resilience, food security, and healthcare access emphasizes the importance of an integrated policy approach. Holistic management of these issues not only resolves current crises but also guarantees long-term sustainability, economic stability, and social equality. Yet this depends on sound data-driven governance, fair resource distribution, and participatory citizens. The final question then is: How does India institutionalize this comprehensive framework so as to have a sustainable model of development which is resilient, adaptive, and fair—-not merely for 2025, but also for future generations?

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Miscellaneous
Chhavi Thakur

Sentiment analysis in Stock market forecasting using NLP

This research investigates the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) methods for sentiment analysis in stock market prediction. Through the analysis of financial news, social media, and company reports, the model determines market sentiment to forecast stock price movement. The use of sentiment information with conventional forecasting techniques improves the accuracy and reliability of forecasts. This method provides investors with more insight into market behavior influenced by public opinion and news sentiment.

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Quality Education
Diksha Kashyap

Skill Education: Key to achieve Viksit Bharat by 2047

Skill education is the cornerstone of achieving Viksit Bharat by 2047. As India aspires to become a developed nation, empowering its youth with industry-relevant skills is crucial. Skill-based education bridges the gap between academic learning and practical application, fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and employability. By nurturing a workforce that is adaptable, future-ready, and globally competitive, India can drive sustainable economic growth and social progress. Investments in vocational training, digital literacy, and upskilling initiatives will unlock the nation’s demographic dividend, ensuring inclusive development. A skilled India is not just a vision—it’s the engine that will power Viksit Bharat into reality.

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Quality Education
Ayush Burnwal

Assessing the Impact of Government Policies on Education: Effectiveness, Public Perception, and Outcomes

Ayush Burnwal, Zaheen Qureshi, Sanjula D, Pankhudi Jha Introduction Education has been recognized as a human right across the world under numerous conventions, declarations and laws. The universal declaration of human rights guarantees everyone the right to education under article 26. In the Indian context, the Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act highlights the importance of education for children between the age of 6 to 14 years in India. This right is guaranteed to every citizen under article 21A of the Indian Constitution. Government intervention helps ensure that all children, regardless of their socioeconomic background, have access to education. This is crucial for reducing societal inequities.  Education can be considered as an investment in the future of a nation. Well educated citizens will be productive members of a nation and will contribute to its stability and growth. Besides, the government of India is actively working towards ensuring that every citizen receives education to support their own needs and wants. To achieve the goal of full literacy, the government has been introducing a number of policies and programmes every year.  One such programme which has been successful throughout the years is Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan (SSA) which is the Government of India’s flagship programme for achievement of Universalization of Elementary Education in a time bound manner, as mandated by the 86th amendment to the indian constitution making free and compulsory Education to the Children of 6-14 years age group, a Fundamental Right. It aims to address the problems faced during the initial phase of a child’s education, which is, elementary schooling, where children begin to develop their cognitive and social skills. SSA focuses on providing quality elementary education while bridging regional gaps in literacy by partnering with state governments throughout the country.  To address the nutritional needs of children, the government of Tamil Nadu introduced the mid-day meal scheme, which was soon implemented across the nation. By providing meals, this scheme increased the enrollment rates as hunger no longer served as a barrier to education. Furthermore, the Indian government introduced Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya or KGBV which reduced gender disparities in education. Setting up residential schools with boarding facilities has been of assistance in encouraging girls from disadvantaged sections to get educated. All the above-mentioned policies are a few among many policies being introduced by the Indian government to make education accessible to every child in the country. Research Methodology 1. Research Design This study employs a descriptive and evaluative research design to assess the effectiveness of the Education system and Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) based on public perception. The study does not focus on quantitative indicators such as enrollment rates or dropout rates but rather evaluates stakeholders’ opinions regarding SSA’s implementation and impact. A mixed-method approach was used, integrating quantitative survey responses with qualitative insights from personal interviews and discussions. The data was refined using a double-random selection process to enhance accuracy and reliability. 2. Data Collection The research relies on primary data collection, gathered through random selection of participants across various states using both online and personal investigations. 2.1. Primary Data Collection: (a) Online Surveys: A structured questionnaire was designed to collect responses from students, teachers, school administrators, and parents about their opinions on SSA’s effectiveness. The survey included questions on: Accessibility and inclusivity of education under SSA Perceived improvements in school infrastructure and facilities Quality of teaching and teacher training programs Challenges faced in policy implementation Overall satisfaction and suggestions for improvement (b) Personal Interviews & Field Surveys: In-person discussions and interviews were conducted to gain deeper qualitative insights into the challenges and successes of SSA and the education system. Respondents were encouraged to share their personal experiences with the policy’s impact. 2.2 Data Selection Process After the initial data collection, a random selection technique was applied at two levels: First Selection: An initial 100 responses were collected from various states. Final Selection: To eliminate potential biases and data inconsistencies, a computer-based random selection process was used to filter and refine the dataset. A final 30 responses were selected for analysis to ensure a more accurate and representative understanding of public opinion. 2.3 Secondary Data Collection Although the study primarily focuses on primary data, secondary sources such as government policy documents and past research reports were reviewed to understand the context of SSA’s implementation. 3. Data Analysis The collected data were subjected to general analysis to assess stakeholders’ opinions about SSA’s effectiveness. 4. Study Limitations Limited Sample Size: The final selection of 30 responses may not fully capture national trends. Subjectivity of Opinions: The study relies on personal perceptions, which may not always align with actual policy outcomes. Regional Variations: Since responses were collected from different states, regional disparities in SSA’s effectiveness may not be fully accounted for. 5. Policy Implications and Future Scope The findings provide a people-centric assessment of SSA’s impact, offering valuable feedback for policymakers. The study highlights key strengths and challenges in policy implementation, which can inform future education reforms. By employing random selection at multiple stages, this methodology ensures objectivity and reliability in evaluating public opinion on SSA. Findings and Insights The study analyses the real-world impact of the government policies aimed at the education sector, specifically focusing on Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan. The dataset encompasses educational qualifications, general awareness, and personal experiences with the education system. The objective is to analyse the effectiveness of policy implementations and assess the level of awareness of the education policies across different demographic groups. There were 100 responses, and a sample of 31 was randomly selected, taken in an online and physical interview format, of individuals from diverse backgrounds. Mainly, the data comes from Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal. By gender distribution, 74% were female and 26% were male. The majority were graduates (48%), while others had completed higher secondary. 1/2 of the individuals were between the 20-40 age group.  Among state-specific schemes, Kanyashree Prakalpa, Sabooj Saathi, Prakalpa, Mid-Day Meal Scheme were most well known in West Bengal and Gaon ki Beti yojana was

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International Relations
Misha Sheth

Cyber Warfare, the Silent Global Conflict

Cyber warfare poses significant challenges to national security, economic stability, and individual privacy. As technology advances, nations and organizations must stay vigilant against emerging threats. The intersection of cyber warfare and international relations requires cooperation and diplomacy to establish norms and prevent conflicts. The private sector plays a crucial role in cyber defense, and governments must work together to address the complexities of cyber warfare and protect critical infrastructure.

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Responsible Consumption and Production
Pandilatha S, Vinita Pathak , Naman Bishambhu , Parvathy M A

The Impact of Environmental Regulations on Economic Growth and Competitiveness

This study examines the impact of environmental regulations on economic growth and competitiveness, using a systematic review of most recent existing literature and econometric analysis of data from 1990 to 2020 (OECD and World Bank) and latest 2023 Global Innovation Tracker and 2024 data on GDP and EPI of OECD and Non-OECD Countries.Our results suggest that well-designed environmental regulations can have a positive impact on economic growth and competitiveness, particularly in Industries and Countries with high environmental innovation potential and who all are readily adopting to greener and cleaner technologies.

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Responsible Consumption and Production
Pandilatha S, Vinita Pathak , Naman Bishambhu , Parvathy M A

“The Economic Slowdown Driven by Health Costs of Environmental Pollution: Assessing the Burden and Path to Sustainable Growth”

Environmental pollution has become a critical and widely concerned global economic issue, imposing significant health-related costs that slows down economic development. Pollution-induced diseases lead to rising healthcare expenses, productivity losses, and reduced labor efficiency, particularly in rapidly industrializing economies. This paper examines the economic impact of pollution-related health costs from 2014 to 2024.

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