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Category: Blog
International Relations
Sifat Patel

The Role of International Labour Law in Regulating Gig Economy Workers’ Rights

This article examines the critical intersection of international labour law and the gig economy, focusing on the urgent need for protections for millions of platform-based workers. It highlights the role of the International Labour Organization (ILO) in addressing the challenges faced by gig workers, identifying existing legal gaps and proposing essential reforms. The discussion underscores the importance of establishing equitable labour standards to ensure that gig workers receive the rights and protections they deserve in an evolving labour landscape.

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November 16, 2024 No Comments
International Relations
Sifat Patel

International Labour Standards for Protecting Migrant Workers: A Global Perspective.

This article delves into the role of international labour standards in protecting migrant workers, with a focus on frameworks developed by the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations (UN). It highlights key conventions like ILO’s Migration for Employment Convention and the UN’s International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers. Additionally, it addresses challenges in implementing these standards, particularly in regions like the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the European Union, while advocating for a core rights approach to enhance migrant worker protections globally.

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October 13, 2024 No Comments
Blog
Theresa Jose

Delhi’s Monsoon: An Urban Nightmare

By Theresa Jose Delhi is a very densely populated city and there has been a growth of informal settlements throughout the city which has led to many urban challenges including waterlogging. These challenges mainly arise due to poor urban planning by the civic authorities which is creating a nightmare for the people living in the city. Especially in the areas which are the main hubs of the UPSC coaching centres like Karol Bagh, Patel Nagar and Rajinder Nagar which have recently been in the media for the concerns raised by the residents and people on the issues of exposed open wires, overflow of manholes and sewage and the problem of high rents but with poor facilities. This lack of quality living conditions has increased the demand for affordable study spaces for students, resulting in many libraries being set up in basements (Bhandari, 2024). So when the new centre of Rau’s IAS was established in the Old Rajinder Nagar on the request of the students they also set up a library that was illegally operating in the basement of the building which was supposed to be utilised for parking and storage (Menon, 2024).  On July 27th night, heavy rainfall led to waterlogging in Old Rajinder Nagar. The high force of water led to it entering the basement of  Rau’s IAS Study Circle in Old Rajinder Nagar and this led to flooding in the library which had 30 students in it but only 27 managed to escape or were rescued by the fire department, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) and Delhi Police while the 3 UPSC aspirants who were trapped lost their lives (Tewari, 2024; ET Online, 2024). The gross negligence by the MCD officials was brought to light by the revelation that a month before this tragic incident a student from the coaching centre filed a complaint regarding the illegally operating library in the basement but the authorities did not take any appropriate actions (Herald, 2024). The negligence of the MCD officials was strongly reprimanded by the Delhi High Court  (The Hindu Bureau, 2024). In the aftermath, immediate actions were taken by the Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) including shutting off at least 13 coaching centres which were violating the rules under the Delhi Master Plan 2021 which mandates statutory clearance to use the basement and was strongly against using the basement for commercial purposes (Sharma, 2024; Tewari, 2024).  In Old Rajinder Nagar the property owners construct buildings which cover the drains which is also a common issue in Delhi as revealed by the MCD’s investigation. This obstruction by buildings on the drains has made it difficult to clean the drains and also affects the flow of stormwater which results in waterlogging. So there is a need to implement legislative frameworks like the ‘Storm Water and Drainage Act for the NCT of Delhi’ which emphasizes preventing any future illegal barrier on the city’s drainage system (Press Trust of India & Business Standard, 2024). The Coaching Centre tragedy is alleged to be mainly due to the inefficient drainage system and the violation of the building laws but this is not an isolated incident. 27 people’s lives were claimed due to electrocution past year as per the reports  (Ujwal Jalali et al., 2024). On July 22nd, a UPSC aspirant was electrocuted when he slipped while walking on a waterlogged street of Patel Nagar and held on to an iron gate which was in contact with an exposed motor wire (Tewari, 2024). The city also witnessed an incident where two fires broke out in Mukherjee Nagar last year which resulted in 61 students of a caching centre injured, the latter incident led to the fire department conducting a survey which showed that 461 coaching centres did not have any proper safety measures (Tewari, 2024). All this put the city’s civic body authorities in the spotlight for their failure to address the urban crisis that has been affecting the city’s residents and their lack of action against the violation of building regulations.  The solution to the recent waterlogging in the capital city when there are heavy downpours is not just by desilting the drains which is just a temporary solution but also through revamping the city’s drainage system which could help prevent the recurring waterlogging in the long term. However, the construction of a new drainage system that has to be suitable for the densely populated and unplanned colonies of Delhi could be a task that needs at least 4 years to be fulfilled and large investments (Mathur, 2024). When it comes to funds required to implement the new project the city authorities don’t have enough because of the freebie culture that is supported by the government which keeps the revamping of the city’s infrastructure on hold and this action of the government was strongly reprimanded by the Delhi High Court. Presently the existing drainage system of the city faces problems like outdated design with the sewerage system being combined and the inability of the system to handle heavy rains as the existing one’s designed to only handle 50 mm of rainwater within 24 hours in a city which has witnessed a downpour of 228 mm of rainwater in a day which underscores the immediate need to design a drainage system which could help handle more water and lessen the vulnerability of the city to the monsoon waterlogging crisis (Ujwal Jalali et al., 2024). The sewerage system is of two types, combined and separate sewerage with the former which carry both the stormwater and wastewater together while the latter carries both separately. Currently, separate sewage systems are in demand as they help in controlling the stormwater separately, prevent combined sewer overflow and stop sewage from getting into the environment. This could help in avoiding flooding during heavy downpours in low-lying areas, even after this flooding occurs it would just be rainwater and not sewage waste which could spread diseases (Stauffer & Spuhler, n.d.). However, there is a downside to the construction of a separate

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October 9, 2024 No Comments
Blog
Theresa Jose

The Unseen Victims: Environmental Casteism and India’s Marginalized

By Theresa Jose India is united by its diverse cultures, languages and religions but divided by a caste system. This is a deeply ingrained social structure that determines occupation, status, and access to resources. While the Brahmins occupy the highest position, Dalits (formerly known as untouchables) occupy the lowest and they face great discrimination due to their position in the social hierarchy. Consequently, the ramifications of caste extend beyond the socioeconomic disparity but also to how citizens experience environmental challenges like climate change and natural disasters. The marginalised communities are disproportionately impacted by environmental action while the discrimination and exploitation they face due to environmental injustices are overlooked by mainstream society. This harsh reality of the marginalised communities especially the Dalits in India gives rise to the phenomenon of Environmental Casteism which addresses the intersection between caste-based discrimination and environmental injustice. Environmental injustice perpetuates unequal access to clean water and air which results in heightened exposure to pollution and other hazards by the marginalised communities compared to the higher castes within the society. A major factor contributing to these injustices is spatial segregation. The marginalised groups are often relegated to the peripheral spaces away from the affluent neighbourhoods and they are exposed to the harmful effects of industries, factories and landfills where they reside and work. Consequently, they bear a disproportionate burden of health risks and life-threatening conditions.  Despite the illegality of caste-based discrimination, it persists in many parts of the country. The marginalised individuals remain oppressed with them being forced into dehumanising jobs like manual scavenging. Despite the skills, they face obstacles to alternate jobs due to caste prejudice. This points out the inability of the marginalised section to escape the caste system and the immediate need for a societal transformation (Taylor, 2022). Manual scavenging exemplifies environmental casteism as it addresses the intersection between caste-based discrimination and environmental injustice. Despite being illegal still, people born into a lower caste were forced to do this dehumanising work. The Nara-Maveshi movement held in the 1950s and 1960s was the Chamar caste’s protest to the traditionally assigned jobs which were dehumanising tasks. However, their wish for alternate jobs where met with opposition, including economic sanctions and denial of employment opportunities (Sharma, 2022). Consequently, this has led to perpetual poverty, poor health and social exclusion for Dalits whose issues remain invisible to the mainstream society. To break free from this cycle of oppression there is a need for a transformative shift in societal attitudes and action. The marginalised communities have long struggled to get equal access to clean water. The Mahad Satyagraha of 1927, led by Dr. B.R Ambedkar was one of the earliest civil rights movements. Dalits gathered at the Chavdar Lake in Mahad, Maharashtra to assert their moral and legal right to access water and challenge the discriminatory norms practised by the higher caste. Despite the victory of the Mahad struggle the present reality shows that the marginalized communities still face difficulties in securing equal water access (Kashwan, 2024). In North Gujarat, the marginalised communities have historically relied heavily on groundwater for their needs. However, the construction of tube wells that are often built on private lands owned by upper castes has exacerbated water scarcity. These communities, unable to own land struggle for groundwater as it is now in the control of the upper caste who are known as “Water Lords”. This shows the reality of how social structure continues to dictate access to fundamental resources and perpetuate inequalities and exploitation. The very source that sustains life becomes a tool of oppression which fuels environmental injustice (Kashwan, 2024).  As discussed earlier, deep-rooted caste-based discrimination points out that Environmental casteism remains a prominent issue in our country. This phenomenon mainly arises due to the absence of Dalits in Environmental studies as the majority of the researchers and scholars are from the upper castes which leads to them overlooking the experiences and perspectives of the marginalized  (Waghre, 2023). Srilata Sicar, in a lecture on Environmental casteism, points out that people when discussing environmental policies and caste justice in India ignore the impact of the caste system which is to be considered while addressing the environmental issues. She also explains the idea of Bourgeoisie environmentalism, a phenomenon where the upper class are concerned about the environment and tries to practice eco-conscious activities but tends to overlook the setting up of businesses and industries, the major polluters which exacerbate this issue. The marginalised communities are disproportionately affected by disasters due to the lack of well-planned infrastructures which result in loss of houses, livelihoods and even loss of lives (Chhaya, 2024). Ignoring the caste perspectives’ interaction with the environment exacerbates structural inequalities as marginalized communities are denied their fundamental right to access resources. According to Suprakash Majumdar, a Pulitzer-Grantee Journalist, climate-related disasters get categorized based on who gets affected by it, if it is the low-income areas and people from low-castes who get affected it may be overlooked but if it impacts the upper-castes then it is declared as a disaster by the government. The triangle model of the caste system is still practised when it comes to urban planning, the Brahmins reside in the safest area and the lower castes live in the periphery of the city which makes them the most vulnerable to climate destruction (Chhaya, 2024). For instance, the cyclone that struck Orissa and Tamil Nadu impacted the landless Dalits, and farm workers the most as these people were the ones who were living on the outskirts of the villages, and were not provided with relief materials which shows how caste can influence even the distribution of compensations (“Environmental Cateism”, 2021). The lack of representation of Dalits in influencing environmental policies exacerbates their issues with their needs being overlooked by the government. So it is important to acknowledge the intersectionality of caste-based discrimination and environmental injustices so that it could lead to a more equitable society.  The influence of caste in ecological experiences was first recognised by Gati Omvedt an anti-caste scholar,

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October 9, 2024 No Comments
Blog
Theresa Jose

Protection of Right to Life and Livelihood: The Landmark Judgement of Olga Tellis Case

By Theresa Jose Introduction India, saw large migrations from villages to cities by poor people seeking better job opportunities, these cities do not provide affordable housing for these groups and they are forced to settle on pavements. The main reason for the lack of housing is the lack of strict laws for the state to provide affordable housing to the poor which results in the creation of slums and the residents live every day in fear of eviction by the authorities as this could result in homelessness and deprivation of their livelihood (Thara et al., 2022). It is important to realize that these dwellers are the pillar of the city as they contribute immensely to the development of the cities (Tellis, 2015), despite the important role they play in the city, they are pushed out of the city when their labour is not necessary anymore. This paper will look into the case of Olga Tellis V Bombay Municipal Corporation, 1985 and the way the judiciary took action on the lives of the inhabitants of pavement and slum dwellings. The main issues raised due to the process of forced eviction without prior notice and rehabilitation are the violations of Articles 19(1)(e) which provides the right to reside anywhere within the country, 19(1)(g) which provides the right to practice any profession, occupation, trade or business and Article 21 which talks about the protection of life and personal liberty which shall not be deprived for any individual except according to the procedure established by the law (Olga Tellis et al. V Bombay Municipal Corporation et al.,1985). These Fundamental Rights will be analyzed through this paper in relation to the landmark Olga Tellis case (1985) to understand the rulings put forward by the court on the pavement and slum dwellers living on public lands and how the court viewed the right to life and livelihood of the slum dwellers through this case and how it impacted the future cases related to the informal settlers and the need for rehabilitation or resettlement.  Case Law and Analysis  The State of Maharashtra and the Bombay Municipal Corporation (BMC) in 1981 jointly imposed an order on the pavement dwellers to evict them by force from Bombay and drive them out to their place of origin or force them to move anywhere outskirts of the city (Olga Tellis et al. V Bombay Municipal Corporation et al.,1985). The municipal commissioner of the BMC under section 314 of the Mumbai Municipal Corporation Act, 1888 has the power to remove the encroachers without prior notice (Garg & Maheswari, 2020).  So the announcement of eviction of these pavement dwellers was justified by the CM of Maharashtra giving the reason that the government did not want these dwellers to live in this inhumane condition during the monsoon even though these dwellers have been residing here for many years, but as the government failed to give them rehabilitation this justification was not expected by the pavement and slum dwellers and was met with resistance. This led to Olga Tellis, a journalist filing a Public Interest Litigation (PIL) on the issue of the forced eviction of the pavement dwellers conducted by the BMC, this is the 1985 landmark Supreme Court judgement, Olga Tellis Vs Bombay Municipal Corporation (BMC) (Olga Tellis et al. V Bombay Municipal Corporation et al.,1985; Thara et al., 2022).  The petitioners were Olga Tellis and others who resided in these dwellings and the respondents were the BMC and others, who initiated the demolishing of these dwellings, this action was challenged by the petitioners as a violation of Fundamental Rights Articles 19 and 21 of the Constitution of India, a deprivation of their livelihood and right to life. Olga Tellis in a 2016 interview gave her views on the injustices faced by the slum dwellers of Bombay, she explained that “These dwellers were refugees of bad economic policies as it gave importance to the development of urban areas rather than the villages that were neglected which result in these people coming to Bombay looking for work” (Olga Tellis, 2016). As these people were not able to afford better housing facilities they settled in these pavements and slums near their workplace as it saves time and cost of commuting. The arguments given by the petitioners were that eviction and demolition of these dwellings lead to deprivation of their livelihood as they will lose their jobs when they are forced to be evicted from the pavements and live far from their workplace which is a means to survival (Olga Tellis et al. V Bombay Municipal Corporation et al.,1985). They also argued that without protecting their right to livelihood, protection of their right to life is futile (Garg & Maheswari, 2020). The respondents argued that these pavement dwellers have no right to reside on public property and if the BMC want to evict them they can do it as the petitioners are encroaching on the public space which is a violation of the municipal laws. The respondents argued that the fundamental right article 19(1)(e) should not be used as a permit to trespass on public spaces (Naukarkar, 2021). The BMC’s eviction process was carried out without providing prior notice or any proper rehabilitation to the pavement dwellers which deprived them of their right to livelihood which led to the endangerment of their right to life. The pavement dwellers’ rights under Article 21 were violated as they were by force evicted from their settlements where they were living for a long time without providing any kind of resettlement, this is a violation of the right to livelihood and life (Naukarkar, 2021). Also, their rights under articles 19(1)(e) and 19(1)(g) were also violated through this process of eviction by the authorities as their freedom to reside and do the job which has been their means of sustenance was taken away from them. The judgement of the Olga Tellis case led to expanding the ambit of the right to life under Article 21 by adding the right to livelihood

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October 9, 2024 No Comments
Miscellaneous
VASUNDHRA B

China’s Gaokao: Lessons for Indian Education System

By Vasundhra B    What is the Gaokao exam and what are the recent changes in the exam?  In 1952, China introduced its national university entrance exam known as Gaokao, which is one of the important standardized tests for university admission. This is a nine-hour long exam that usually goes on for two to three days covering different subjects such as literature, mathematics and a foreign language among others. In different provinces, the structure of the exam may differ although what is important here is that it is likely that an individual’s score can determine which university he or she will be placed into or even his/her future career. However, despite being merit-based in this densely populated country, gaokao has received criticism because it puts too much pressure on students’ mental health besides turning education into mere preparation for exams only. Among other reform initiatives are experimental programs that allow multiple retakes of subject papers as well as incorporating high school records into admissions. Nonetheless, parents still make considerable sacrifices in order to enable their children to prepare adequately for these tests because gaokao remains deeply entrenched within Chinese culture. There has also been a booming business around examination materials and tutoring institutions resulting from its pervasive effect; thus Gaokao serves crucial functions concerning educational access and socioeconomic mobility within modern-day china.   The new reforms to the Gaokao examination are substantial changes that were launched in Zhejiang and Shanghai in 2014, which will be applied across the nation by 2022. Among these changes is removing strict boundaries between science and arts, giving students an opportunity to select three optional subjects together with basic subjects, permitting multiple testing opportunities for certain subjects, and introducing a new system of grading incorporating raw marks and “ grade points” for electives. The aim of these reforms is to lessen the pressure and make them correspond more to students’ preferences and branches of study they take at university.   Gaokao exam’s Impact on Chinese Society The Gaokao exam has a high impact on Chinese society which greatly determines how one enhances their social status, finds employment or goes to school. With China’s fast modernization, its importance has increased, causing more and more strain on students, teachers and their parents. Once again, this exam emphasizes memorization to such an extent that there have been arguments as to whether it has an impact on imagination and originality. The Gaokao is a major force in shaping modern youth culture, regional disparities and class structure which stem from the ages-old imperial examination system. It serves to illustrate the relationship between heritage, meritocracy and social progress in contemporary China although there has been criticism against it as well as attempts at reforms. India’s Entrance Exams and Gaokao – a comparative study  There are big variances in approaches to university acceptance between India’s entry exam framework and that of China as evinced by noteworthy differences in both. For example, India’s policy is built around various distinct tests that are discipline-specific or university based such as NEET for medicine, JEE for engineering, CUET for central universities, CLAT for law and individual university entrance tests like DUET. This form of decentralisation allows much room for institutional independence alongside promoting various styles of teaching yet leads to disparities regarding the quality of education as well as putting more pressure on students to do well in many exams. On the other hand, China’s Gaokao happens to be a standardised nationwide exam which accounts most postsecondary enrolments therefore being simpler but sometimes curtails schools’ capacity to offer specialised courses and individuals’ ability or desire to go deeper into anything they are interested in. Whereas multiple tests under the Indian system may favour those who concentrate on particular areas or seek extra coaching sessions, broadness of the Gaokao depicts essentially what China realises as an all-round education. Both timing and frequency are not the same. Most Indian entrance tests take place annually while some admit candidates multiple times, Gaokao on the other hand occurs within a year giving students limited chances of retaking it again. The stakes as regards these examinations differ with Gaokao being the only determinant factor for university placements in China while JEE and NEET stand at the same level with respect to particular fields of study among others in India. The scale of such examinations is different too with Gaokao being such a huge nation-wide event that temporarily disrupts China’s social order while Indian entrance exams happen over a long time period and across states. Nevertheless, these two systems are similar in that they have cultural relevance as well as social dynamics that make exam performance capable of determining students’ lifetime paths causing stress to many families. Some critics from both sides say that this kind of system could lead to a focus on rote memorization at the expense of imagination and critical thinking thus prompting arguments about their integrity and efficiency in choosing the most suitable candidates for advanced education.    In conclusion, differences and similarities exist between two education systems that exhibit certain complexities due to political decisions made domestically regarding education, local cultural beliefs about learning, global ideologies on educational justice and human capital formation and lastly, social pressures related to gender roles.   What India Can Learn from the Gaokao    In order to enhance its own entrance to higher education, India can learn several lessons from the Chinese Gaokao system. For example, it is likely that combining all the entrance examinations would significantly reduce student strain and logistics. Currently, an Indian student has to go through the complicated maze of exams such as JEE, NEET, CLAT among many smaller tests set by different universities which is draining them emotionally as well as in terms of time. Therefore, a centralised method like that of Gaokao could help in offering a more equal and fairer procedure for higher education admission worldwide. Furthermore, India may also look at entrance assessments with greater diversity of themes like that found in

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September 27, 2024 No Comments
Miscellaneous
VASUNDHRA B

China’s School System and Sports Development: China’s Plan for More Athletes

By Vasundhra B Introduction: China’s Plan for More Athletes  Chinese athletes have made remarkable achievements in the Olympics, improving their competitive edge over time after returning to compete from 1984 onward. Because of this, there are several reasons why China can generate more sportsmen; therefore, the factors contributing to this trend will be discussed in this paper. Initially, China’s sport growth was rooted upon international standing and national pride. Subsequently, purposefully targeted programs were launched by government officials aimed at nurturing athletic talents at all levels across the country. To say the least, one of the major reasons for China’s successful sports is government support for sport development as can be seen from its Five-Year Plans. The most interesting aspect of this plan is that it focuses on both winning and social welfare in general within the period of 2021 to 2025. Apart from that, it has also promised finances totaling 23.3 billion yuan (around 3.2 billion dollars) towards renovating or building 2,000 exercise centres by 2025 which represent up to 38.5 percent of its overall budget. Primary events for instance the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games and Summer Universiade in Shanghai show how funds have been distributed among amateur and professional sports throughout the country. The comprehensive strategy therefore helps for China to be considered as a leading global power in sports while promoting health through physical exercise programs within an approximated number of 600,000 rural localities distributed throughout its territory. Here’s a table showing China’s Olympic performance over the last 10 years:  YEAR  TOTAL PARTICIPANTS  GOLD  SILVER BRONZE 2012 396 38 31 22 2016 412 51 21 18 2020 406 38 32 18 2024 388 40 27 24 Finding Young Sports Talents in China The method used by China to identify young athletes is both thorough and systematic. Initially, the country has a plethora of sports institutions and specialised academies that are aimed at spotting and nurturing young athletes (Tan & Green, 2008). In addition, such institutions apply scientific approaches and standardised tests in evaluating physical characteristics, skills, and potential in different kinds of sports. Furthermore, in China, talent identification sometimes begins as early as kindergarten when physical education instructors are trained to recognize young promising sportsmen (Hong, 2004). Besides, the government has implemented initiatives like “Million Students Searching for Sports Talents” which aim to screen out many children with regards to athletic abilities (Wei et al., 2011). Therefore with time when these talents are recognized they are usually removed from their families to state-run training centres for intensive training. Additionally, it employs a pyramidal structure whereby it starts off with many young people who want to be athletes but end up only with outstanding individuals after a process of exhaustive selection (Houlihan & Green, 2008). There has been a shift in recent reforms towards combining sporting training with educational pursuits in view of earlier criticisms aimed at the system (Li et al., 2014). Consequently, promising young sportsmen and women can advance to state or national squads where they would acquire more specific training and resources. Finally, although this system has generated many Olympians, it has also attracted condemnation because of its severity and stress on children (Hong, 2004). Balancing Schoolwork and Sports The comprehensive approach of China towards sports development has been focused on harmonising academic pursuit with sports training. It has been suggested that incorporating sports into school systems can be useful because regular exercise can lead to better cognitive outcomes and improved academic performance (Zhang et al., 2023; Zheng et al., 2023). However, there have been criticisms against specialised training programs in these institutions for placing excessive demands on young athletes (Hong, 2004). To address this concern, recent reforms have aimed at striking a balance between sport development and education (Li et al., 2014). In the opinion of the Chinese government concerning sports public health, an essential aspect is education for athletes who perform well in class and (Dai & Menhas, 2020; Zhengtian & Shuting, 2024). Results and Future of China’s School Sports Program Today, given China’s aim of integrating sports into education, there has been a rise in significance accorded to sports. This has led to an amalgamation of both physiological enhancement and academic attainment which looks promising for the coming years. Some of these include “Sunshine Sports Programme”, “Specialised Football Programme” and “Campus Basketball Promotion Scheme .” Consequently, these programs have contributed to a more vibrant sporting culture within Chinese communities thereby increasing their physical fitness levels as well as cognitive functioning abilities (Zhang et al., 2023; Zheng et al., 2023). Another example is contests such as ‘National Youth Campus Games ’ or “Sports & Arts ‘2+1’ Project,” which pursue the ethos of holistic education that seeks to enhance global competitiveness in sports (Dai & Menhas, 2020; Zhengtian & Shuting, 2024). There are positive reasons for hope regarding school sport because stadiums indicate much investment in sports infrastructure, though it remains a challenge maintaining a balance between athlete training and academics. Nevertheless, much still needs to be done concerning high-training stressed syndrome which many young athletes suffer from (Hong, 2004; Li et al., 2014). Nonetheless, China’s strong commitment to creating a new generation of multi-sport athletes along with her inventive approaches render it the global champion in blending education with athletics.  To sum up, Chinese policies are intended to bring sports programs back in line with education in an attempt to achieve both sporting triumph and academic success. Comprehensive measures by the Chinese Government such as “Sunshine Sports Program” and dedicated schools for athletes have resulted in improved physical fitness levels and higher intellectual faculties among students. However, there have always been concerns over huge pressures on young athletes which recent reforms have tried addressing. Regardless, China still aims at raising rounded individuals through novel approaches that put it at the forefront of global endeavours for blending sports within educational systems. References  Zhengtian, C., & Shuting, L. (2024). Reform and Optimization of Physical Education Teaching in Guangxi Private Universities During the 14th Five-year

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September 27, 2024 No Comments

From Silence to Screen: Empowering Middle Eastern Voices through Film

By Vedica Karnik Cinema has played a significant role in giving a voice to Middle Eastern people by providing a platform for filmmakers to express their cultural identity and share their stories with the world. Arab cinema was born at the beginning of the twentieth century and initially consolidated as popular entertainment art and a tool with which to assert Arabs’ group identity in the face of colonial powers. It has emerged as a tool for challenging the prevalent stereotypes and misconceptions about the region and its people, by presenting intricate narratives that go beyond the simplistic misrepresentations often perpetuated in mainstream media (Doane, 1980). Going to see an Egyptian film spoken in Arabic constituted for the populations of the Arab lands as an act of faith and an immersion in their culture and language (Attia, 2016). Over the past decade, film has enjoyed a revival in the Middle East amid a cultural revolution, despite societal challenges (Ajaka, 2016). In an era of globalization where information is widely accessible, Middle Eastern cinema has allowed people from the region to share their stories, their struggles, and achievements, thereby humanizing the portrayal of Middle Easterners and breaking away from stagnant, distorted images. It captures the multiplicity of the Middle Eastern experience, emphasizing the diversity and dynamism of the region instead of reducing it to monolithic caricatures of conflict and terrorism. The impact is two-fold: it empowers Middle Eastern individuals to assert their identities, while exposing global audiences to alternative narratives that replace homogenized stereotypes with a deeper understanding of the region’s cultural, political and social contexts. The lens of Middle Eastern cinema not only encapsulates the vibrant cultures and traditions unique to the region, but also includes the resilience and strength of its people in the face of adversity. Through the distinctive storytelling of these films, the global audience can gain a nuanced understanding of the rich tapestry of life in the Middle East, and the people who are seldom given a chance to tell their own stories in the global dialogues. Thus, cinema plays a critical and transformative role in amplifying Middle Eastern voices and constructing narratives from the region (Woods, 2019). The power of cinema as a means to communicate has been effectively utilized to provide a voice for Middle Eastern people, often marginalized in narratives associated with global cultural discourses. Notionally, cinema has the capacity to bring to light the rich culture, profound history, and complex lives of these people. Films like “Zero Dark Thirty” (2012), which chronicled the decade-long hunt for al-Qaeda terrorist leader Osama bin Laden, offers a distinctive perspective on Middle Eastern geopolitics and the subsequent ripple effects on its people (Diaconu, 2016). Similarly, the Turkish film “Mustang” (2015), which narrates the story of five teenage girls navigating the obstacles of tradition and modernity, counters the stereotype of Middle Eastern women, showcasing their dreams, resilience, and fortitude in the face of societal pressures (Dönmez, 2016). However, it’s pivotal to acknowledge the disparity in representation, with a majority of Middle Eastern characters appearing in crime or geopolitical dramas, often as terrorists or villains, reinforcing harmful stereotypes (MCLAUGHLIN, 2015). This has prompted Middle Eastern writers in the US film and TV industry to call for greater representation, demanding characters that reflect the diverse experiences and identities within the Middle Eastern community. While negative stereotypes persist, organizations like Alwan for the Arts, a New York-based organization, working towards promoting Middle Eastern cultures through events and movie screenings, signify a shift towards more authentic portrayals. Therefore, cinema’s role in giving a voice to Middle Eastern people is multi-faceted, serving both to challenge prejudices and to illuminate the complex realities of Middle Eastern lives (ramadan, 2004). More than often, media has depicted a distorted image of the Middle East, associating the region with terrorism, violence, and cultural oppression, primarily after the 9/11 attacks. Such representation has had severe consequences, including discrimination, racial profiling, and an overall degradation of the Middle Eastern identity. However, cinema has taken up the task of challenging these stereotypes and misconceptions, presenting a more profound insight into the lived experiences of people from this region. Films like “Suleima” have started focusing on the grassroot narratives rather than concentrating on the international political landscape. These films offer a comprehensive understanding of the complexities of the region, its culture, traditions, and the vibrant diversity of Middle Eastern people. “Wadjda” stands as a groundbreaking cinematic achievement, being the first full-length film to emerge from Saudi Arabia’s creative landscape. Behind its creation is the visionary Haifa Almansour, an accomplished Saudi female writer and director. The film revolves around a determined young Saudi girl, resolute in her quest to defy certain societal norms. Central to the tale is her aspiration to buy a bicycle, a simple desire hampered by customary limitations. As the plot unfolds, her journey unfolds — an odyssey entailing her involvement in a Qur’anic recitation contest to win the cash prize. This cinematic masterpiece casts a revealing illumination upon the challenges faced by Saudi women as they navigate the intricate web of societal restrictions. Organizations such as the MENA Arts Advocacy Coalition are working towards increasing the visibility of Middle Eastern performers, thus providing them with a global platform to challenge narratives and dispel stereotypes (KHATAMI, 2018). Hence, cinema is no longer just a source of entertainment; it is a powerful tool of social commentary and a reflection of the cultural memory of a region, and for the Middle East, it is a platform to voice their experiences, struggles, and triumphs. Consequently, the role of cinema in giving a voice to Middle Eastern people is becoming increasingly significant and impactful. Cinema also holds an influential role in how societies perceive themselves and how they are perceived by others. In the case of Middle Eastern representation, cinema has been examined as a key player in providing a platform for the voices of Middle Eastern people, but its effectiveness and limitations are critical to scrutinize. Films like Yousry Nasrallah’s Cannes-nominated “After the Battle” (2012) have highlighted the complex

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July 13, 2024 No Comments

Sustainable Tourism and its impact on local communities

Introduction Tourism and sustainability often may not go hand in hand, after all, tourism is all about leisure whereas sustainability is about consciousness. However, in recent times, several attempts have been made to amalgamate the two. This Tertiary Sector Industry that offers significant contribution to the economic facade of a country has been in the process of being, or at least trying to be, more and more green. Sustainable Tourism is essentially creating an environment-loving industry essentially set in the backdrop of culture, history and heritage. Sustainability may only be a neoteric occurrence of protecting and preserving the environment, but sustainable Tourism in India is no newfangled phenomenon.  For years the local Indian communities have been striving to protect nature and preserve it for the future.  As the tourism sector continues to expand globally, researchers have increasingly focused on understanding the benefits and challenges of sustainable tourism development. Sustainable Tourism essentially leads to environmental benefits, but another major plus to it is the benefit to the local communities. When sustainable tourism practices grow, it leads to greater reliance on local resources and the utilization of the local manpower, which naturally elevates the economic well-being of local communities who are often at the forefront of promoting these measures. The closer together sustainability and tourism move, the further the well-being of local communities grows. Sustainable tourism also leads to several positive outcomes in terms of its impacts of enhancing the cultural identity and heritage of a community and place while honouring its local history. This creates a sense of belonging and pride, enhancing the roots and traditions of local culture. Another benefit is the enhancement of tourist & local community relationships, built on the ground of shared fondness for a culture rooted in history and heritage, presented as a great outcome of local resources and hardship of local people. Sustainable Tourism lies on its three pillars built on social factors, environmental factors and economic factors. These three alongside being codependent in many ways are also a determinant of how well the sustainability initiatives are fairing up in a region. Critical Appraisal The demands of increasingly affluent consumers for further common and ‘exotic’ situations have made an upsurge in ecotourism, especially in developing nations. Concurrently, inside western nations wild regions and lands involved by inborn people groups have been opened up to the tourism industry. It is accurately these more inaccessible, less created tourism zones that ecotourists look for which are most powerless to social disturbance and environmental degradation. While a few journalists accentuate the potential for ecotourism to advance the well-being of both nearby people groups and their situations, others caution us from uncritically tolerating ecotourism as a common great. Numerous administrative offices and tourism scholastics have been caught up in the ‘modern’, as far as anyone knows ‘new’, shapes of tourism such as ecotourism and social tourism. There is to some degree mixed-up conviction that these shapes of tourism are by one means or another morally predominant. At home, with the terms ecotourism and social tourism regularly being utilized simply as showcasing instruments, such shapes of tourism are now and then morally second rate. When commerce is the primary driving constraint behind ecotourism it is not shocking that the wanders that develop may serve to estrange, or maybe benefit, neighbourhood communities. A community-based approach to ecotourism addresses that ecotourism should inherently have twofold benefits, improving the quality of life of the local people and ensuring the conservation of resources. In some African Communities, for example, it is recognised that the local communities should be financially compensated for the loss of resources due to various development projects. In New Zealand, meanwhile, Maori communities are using ecotourism as a means of sustainably utilizing physical resources at their disposal in a way that can provide employment options. Ngai Tahu, for example, are trained local people who deliver information to complement various tourist activities. They aim to ensure that Ngai Tahu people are trained to ensure ecotourism is both socially and economically sustainable, and the respect for lost traditions are also revived as local livelihood improves. One way to to perceive sustainable tourism is to look at it from a developmental perspective while working on the environmental, social and economic faces. The key is to ensure the best interest of the host communities. The advantages can often be short-termed, which in the long run does more harm than good for these communities. There is still a section of people, quite substantial in number, who view sustainable ecotourism as purely an environmental motive, its factors set out to work in the favor of the environment and not the people surrounding it, or at best, prioritizing the environment over local communities. Whether this approach is right or wrong is debatable, afterall how is one to decide what’s more important, the welfare and advancements of Indigenous people and local communities who have faced the turmoil of loss of livelihood for centuries for development’s sake, or the constantly depleting environment which calls for urgent action before things become inevitably bad. Impact on local communities: There are both advantages and drawbacks of sustainable tourism for local communities. First, we’ll delve into the perks- The advantages range through various economic advancements, such as creation of new jobs and greater demand for local resources. This leads to more income opportunities for people living in or near tourist spots. The advantages are beyond just economic and financial, as ecotourists have the opportunity to learn more about a culture’s customs, beliefs, language, and food habits. This leads to the preservation of local culture and heritage and even further enhancement. As travellers from across the globe have a taste of local culture and local people get the opportunity to showcase their local traditions and the humanities, an amiable association is built between the two, strengthening global oneness. There Are also considerable drawbacks to this practice. Oftentimes we see local people losing their traditional way of life. Locals can be exploited in various ways, such

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July 13, 2024 No Comments

Europe’s Immigration Crisis: A Deep Dive into Challenges, Stories, and Solutions

By Anuradha Kakati Introduction Europe’s immigration crisis has been a defining issue for the continent over the past decade. The influx of refugees and migrants, primarily from Africa, the Middle East, and Asia, has highlighted both humanitarian imperatives and political tensions. This blog explores the complexities of Europe’s immigration crisis, presenting recent facts, contemporary examples, personal stories, and discussing potential solutions. The Scale of the Crisis The European migration crisis reached its peak in 2015 when over a million refugees and migrants crossed into Europe, fleeing conflicts in Syria, Afghanistan, and Iraq. Although the numbers have decreased since then, the flow of migrants remains significant. In 2023, the European Union (EU) recorded around 330,000 irregular border crossings, marking a notable increase from previous years (European Commission, 2023). This ongoing influx continues to strain the resources and political will of European countries. Humanitarian Challenges Dangerous Journeys Migrants often undertake perilous journeys to reach Europe, risking their lives in the process. The Mediterranean Sea remains one of the deadliest routes. Since 2014, over 20,000 migrants have died or gone missing attempting to cross it (International Organization for Migration [IOM], 2023). Many migrants travel in overcrowded, unseaworthy boats, facing the threat of drowning or being abandoned by smugglers. Overwhelmed Asylum Systems Countries like Greece and Italy, which are often the first entry points into Europe, struggle to process the large number of asylum applications. Greece’s asylum system, for instance, remains under immense pressure with thousands of migrants living in overcrowded camps under dire conditions (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR], 2023). The lack of resources and infrastructure has led to significant delays in processing applications, prolonging the uncertainty and hardship for many migrants. Integration and Social Tensions Even when migrants are granted asylum, integrating into European societies presents significant challenges. Language barriers, cultural differences, and economic constraints often hinder their ability to assimilate. For example, many migrants find it difficult to secure employment due to language skills and lack of recognition for their qualifications. Moreover, the influx of migrants has sometimes fueled xenophobia and anti-immigrant sentiment, leading to social tensions and political backlash. In countries like Germany and France, there have been reports of increased incidents of hate crimes against migrants (Eurostat, 2022). Personal Stories A Syrian Family’s Journey The story of the Al-Hussein family from Syria illustrates the human aspect of the crisis. Fleeing the war in Aleppo, they embarked on a hazardous journey through Turkey and the Aegean Sea, eventually reaching Greece. After months in a refugee camp, they were relocated to Germany, where they are gradually rebuilding their lives. Their story highlights both the resilience of refugees and the critical role of supportive host communities (BBC News, 2023). An Afghan Interpreter’s Escape Ahmad, an Afghan interpreter who worked with NATO forces, faced threats from the Taliban after the withdrawal of international troops. Fearing for his life, he fled to Europe, leaving behind his family. Ahmad’s journey took him through Iran, Turkey, and the Balkan route, encountering numerous challenges along the way. His story underscores the plight of those who risk everything for safety and the bureaucratic hurdles they face in seeking asylum (The Guardian, 2023). Policy and Political Challenges EU’s Struggle for a Unified Response The EU has faced difficulties in developing a cohesive response to the migration crisis. Member states have often disagreed on the distribution of asylum seekers and the financial burden sharing. For instance, the 2015 EU-Turkey deal aimed to curb the flow of migrants by returning them to Turkey in exchange for financial aid and political concessions (European Commission, 2016). While it temporarily reduced the number of arrivals, it has been criticized for its ethical implications and limited long-term effectiveness. Rise of Populism: The migration crisis has contributed to the rise of populist and far-right parties across Europe. These parties often use anti-immigrant rhetoric to gain support, advocating for stricter border controls and reduced immigration. In Italy, the rise of Matteo Salvini’s League party is a testament to the growing influence of such sentiments. The political shift has influenced national policies, complicating efforts to develop compassionate and pragmatic migration solutions (Mudde, 2023). Proposed Solutions: Strengthening External Borders: Improving the security and management of the EU’s external borders is a key aspect of addressing the crisis. Enhanced cooperation with neighboring countries and the deployment of advanced surveillance technologies can help monitor and control migration flows. However, it is crucial to balance security measures with respect for human rights. The European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex) has been instrumental in these efforts, although it has faced criticism for alleged human rights violations (European Border and Coast Guard Agency, 2023). Fair Distribution of Migrants: A fair and equitable distribution of migrants among EU member states is essential for alleviating pressure on frontline countries. The EU’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum, proposed in 2020, aims to establish a more balanced system by combining stronger border security with more equitable sharing of responsibility among member states (European Commission, 2020). However, its implementation has been slow and contentious, with some countries resisting mandatory quotas. Investment in Integration Programs: Effective integration programs are vital for helping migrants adapt to their new environments and contribute to their host societies. Language classes, vocational training, and community engagement initiatives can facilitate smoother integration. For instance, Germany’s integration courses include language lessons and cultural orientation, which have been shown to improve migrants’ prospects (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development [OECD], 2022). Successful integration not only benefits migrants but also enriches the cultural and economic fabric of host countries. Addressing Root Causes: Long-term solutions to the migration crisis require addressing the root causes of migration, such as conflict, poverty, and political instability. International cooperation and development aid can help improve conditions in migrants’ home countries, reducing the need for dangerous journeys to Europe. Initiatives like the EU’s Emergency Trust Fund for Africa aim to foster stability and economic opportunities in regions with high emigration rates (United Nations, 2023). Conclusion: Europe’s immigration crisis is a

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July 13, 2024 No Comments