Authors: Prangya Jyoti Samal, Amarilli Cuda, Musheer ul Hasan Ekrema, Gitonga Christine, Allan Odhong, Tejas Singh Charan, Mansewak Singh

ABSTRACT

This study examines transnational human trafficking of women as a critical failure of legal enforcement and state
accountability, through a comparative analysis of the United States, Nigeria, and India. While all three countries formally align with international frameworks such as the Palermo Protocol, significant gaps persist between legal provisions and their implementation. The research highlights systemic challenges including weak enforcement, judicial delays, inadequate border governance, and the re-victimization of survivors within legal processes. It argues that human trafficking is not merely a criminal issue but a reflection of deeper governance failures. The study concludes that without stronger accountability mechanisms and a shift towards victim-centered approaches, existing legal frameworks will remain ineffective in delivering justice and deterrence.