INTRODUCTION

Following the Pahalgam attacks, India’s retaliatory actions, justified according to the international laws, were taken as an act of war by Pakistani ministries. This led to cross-border attack by drones, missiles, and fighter jets between the two countries. When the apparent ceasefire was violated, it led to many political tensions in the country. This research paper aims to study the various economic, cultural, social, and political impacts of terrorism amid Indo-Pak tensions. It will also study the global context of cross-border terrorism, essential to critically study India’s nuclear war, and what gets obscured in the new military-industrial of nation-states. This paper then, in its attempt, will compose of concepts and interpretations revolving around terrorism, both in the global and domestic context. This article will answer certain integral questions like what is the relevance of mineral resources in such tensions, what are the methods and approaches followed by other countries to deal with terrorist activities, what is the impact of such tensions on the economy, how does this incident leads to an impact on urban displacement and tourism etc.

THE ACTION OF MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS OF INDIA

Immediately after the political tensions escalated between India and Pakistan, X received orders from Indian Government to ban around 8000 accounts, both international and national, for purposes of national security. Multiple accounts, of celebrities, media channels and political, foreign governmental accounts were shut down. The external affairs ministry contacted multiple nations and was determined to brief the situation to secretaries and representatives of other countries.

Moreover, Pakistani nationals were barred from entering India using SAARC Visa (Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri), and any previous SVES visas granted to citizens of Pakistan were considered to be revoked, with every Pakistani national still in India to deport within 48 hours.  The Indian High Commission in Islamabad would no longer have its own defence, navy, and air advisors. Additionally, five of the Service Advisors’ support workers were to be removed from both High Commissions.

Understanding The Stance Of Major Powers

America’s stance can confuse anyone in the world. On one hand, it supports India superficially, and on the other hand, it provides aid and support to Pakistan as well. Any analysis of its stance will bring us to the self-interested profits generated in America. Since 1954, the American alliance with Pakistan caused India to move closer to the Soviet Union. Now, USA and India do not have strained relations. Since, Donald Trump coming into power, Indo-American relations have seen drastic fluctuations. Trump can be seen floating appreciation of Indian subcontinent, as well as condemning Indian tariff policies. Similarly, boosting Pakistan’s capacity of fighter jets by aiding $397 Million to Pakistan, while condemning terrorism globally.

On the other hand, China openly supports Pakistan. The Sino-Pakistani Agreement of 1963 officially settled all the two nations’ territorial problems, and Chinese military aid to Pakistan started in 1966. A strategic partnership was established in 1972 and by 1979, strong economic cooperation had begun. Maintaining a “special relationship” has been a top priority for both nations, and their frequent high-level visit exchanges have resulted in the creation of several cooperation initiatives. Pakistan has received military, technological, and economic support from China; the two countries view one another as close strategic partners. Even during recent escalations, China supported Pakistan expressly. This raises concerns for India as it creates “enemy” neighbours on both sides.

India and Russia stand on good terms together. After their famous friendship agreement in 1971, their relations have since been positive and growing. While there is no formal alliance between Russia and Pakistan, their relation has been developing after militant attacks and post-cold war shifts. However, inclination of Russia can be concluded to be towards India more than Pakistan due to strategic relations, diplomatic appreciation, military exchanges, and presence of a common enemy – China, with whom they share a complex history.

The UK expressly condemns terrorism. The UK has stated that it would want to assist either India or Pakistan, advising them to defuse the situation and have a conversation.  The UK recognizes Pakistan’s need for regional peace and security even as it backs India’s claims that Pakistan harbours terrorism. A diplomatic role in the India-Pakistan dispute has also been offered by the UK, which has emphasized the need for a peaceful conclusion.    

THE STRATEGIC ROLE OF WATER IN TERRORISM AND STATE RETALIATION

In today’s landscape of global security, water has emerged as a strategic tool in terrorist actions and more recently, in counter-terrorism efforts. In the context of Indo-Pak tensions, the role of water has evolved from a background issue to a central instrument of both aggression and retaliation. Violent Non-state actors have started shifting their focus from conventional areas like weapons, violence, and control over territory to water as a tool of influence. Water and water infrastructure has been directly targeted by terrorist organizations to disrupt livelihoods, economies and assert dominance.

In August of 2014, ISIS seized control of the Mosul Dam which is Iraq’s largest hydroelectric dam near the Tigris River. Control of the structure gave ISIS the dangerous ability to either flood the city or create a famine. This was a way of displaying power and control to achieve their broader objective of establishing a caliphate.

Such incidents of “water weaponization” by terror outfits show how essential resources can be manipulated to instil fear among the population and destabilize entire regions. However, states have also begun to harness this vital resource as a retaliatory measure to such threats.

The Pahalgam attack, pushed India to carry out a number of measures to firmly exhibit its zero-tolerance policy towards terrorism.

A major non-kinetic response which could have far-reaching consequences was the suspension of the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT). The move to place the treaty in ‘abeyance’ has sent a strong signal that continued acts of state-sponsored terrorism will not be overlooked and will carry serious consequences.

The Indus basin is a lifeline for Pakistan’s agrarian economy. 80% of cultivated land relies on water from this river system. It is critical for the survival of major cities like Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore. This shows how heavily dependent the nation is on the Indus waters to sustain its economy and population.

Suspension of this treaty means India can now restrict data sharing on river flows and river projects, construct infrastructure to possibly halt or divert the flow of water to Pakistan, and utilize the Indus waters as it sees fit. This could further deepen Pakistan’s water insecurity and raise concerns over the future of agricultural production in the country. Water, in this scenario, is being leveraged as an effective tool to exert diplomatic and economic pressure on Pakistan, which is evidently known to shelter terrorist organisations, to take concrete steps to curb its support for them. This step by New Delhi echoes Prime Minister Modi’s assertion that “blood and water cannot flow together”.

THE DIGITAL FACE OF TERRORISM

In contemporary times, Misinformation and fake news are evolving as the major challenges in the digital era as it influences the opinion and thoughts of the Public, can create polarization in the society, social unrest, violence, market manipulation, erosion of trust in media and institutions. The word “terrorism” was first used during the French Revolution (Reign of Terror, 1793-94), where the Jacobin regime used state sponsored violence but over the time terrorism has evolved now which has expanded its roots to virtual world and it is no longer confined to physical battlegrounds including arms, ammunitions and weapons, now terrorism has found a new frontier online – through social media, encrypted communication, cyberattacks and the manipulation of false information.

A 2021 study by MIT (MIT Media Lab, the spread of True and False News Online, Science Magazine) revealed that false news spreads six times faster on Twitter and other social media platforms than true news – especially when the content is sensational or fear based. According to research by First Draft News, Reporting in Crises Study, 2020, during major terror attacks, up to 35% of all posts shared in the first 24 hours were found to be misleading or fake. According to Meta Transparency Report, 2021, Facebook removed over 26 million pieces of terrorist content between the year 2019-2021, primarily linked to ISIS and Al-Qaeda. A United Nations Security Council, Threat of Terrorism Report, 2019 stated that over 30,000 foreign fighters had joined terrorist organizations like ISIS with many being radicalized through social media platforms.

The statistics mentioned above makes it evident that terrorism in the digital age has grown more complex. Unlike in the past, terrorist groups today do not rely solely on physical violence or isolated cells, instead they have embraced technology to amplify their reach and impact. Misinformation plays a particularly very troubling role in this ecosystem. False or misleading narratives not only help to radicalize the individuals but also deepen social divisions and create widespread panic in the aftermath of attacks. For instance – Recently in our country, India, we noticed that many terrorist groups were making scam call threats to bomb important places like schools, airports etc. which aimed at creating havoc and tension among the people. The rapid pace at which such content spreads make it incredibly difficult to contain, and in some cases the damage is irreversible before the truth can catch up. Fake news and conspiracy theories often change the narrative of people about extremist content through social media.

For Instance – Recently in the Pahalgam Attack, Pakistani media and government has spread propaganda through social media by creating a false narrative that their army remained successful in defeating Indian Army and government by releasing fake and manipulative videos which has influenced the mindset of their population.

Misinformation fuels extremism by distorting facts and reinforces the polarizing worldviews

IMPACTS OF TERRORISM ON TOURISM ACTIVITIES AND FUTURE STATE ECONOMY

Safety concerns have now become the foremost priority for travellers, overshadowing the once-irresistible appeal of snow-capped mountains and lush valleys in northern India. Regions such as Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Ladakh—which were once considered the jewels of India’s domestic tourism—are now facing a wave of booking cancellations. Iconic hill stations like Shimla, Manali, and Dharamshala, previously bustling with tourists, are experiencing an unprecedented drop in visitor numbers as apprehension grips potential travellers. Conversely, the southern parts of India, along with its tranquil island destinations, are witnessing a surge in popularity.

At the time of the attack, Jammu and Kashmir was experiencing a peak in tourist inflow, with visitor numbers hitting a 15-year high. The Union Territory’s own revenue from tourism had started showing promising signs of improvement, fuelled by the diversity of domestic travellers. However, the massacre has triggered a wave of fear and insecurity, leading the government to declare several key tourist destinations unsafe. As a result, over 80% of upcoming travel bookings to the region have been cancelled. People working in the tourism industry say that 90 percent of tourists have cancelled their bookings. This has badly affected locals who depend on tourism to earn a living.

Mushtaq Ahmad Dar, a tour operator from Srinagar, said, “We had only 10 percent bookings left after earlier cancellations, but the recent border tensions have brought it down to zero. Just as we were trying to recover from the shock of the Baisran attack, we are facing more problems again.” Tourism directly adds about 7-8 percent to the economy of Jammu and Kashmir. After the Pahalgam attack, the projected GDP growth for Jammu and Kashmir for 2024–25 collapsed by 7.06%, leading to a 121% increase in the risk of loan defaults and unemployment. Since 2019, the region had maintained a compound annual growth rate of 4.89%. Per capita income for FY25 was expected to reach Rs 1,54,703, up 10.6% year-on-year. This growth was rooted in a marked decline in terror incidents—from 228 in 2018 to just 46 in 2023—and a corresponding rise in tourism and investment. Significant marketing gaps have emerged, such as the withdrawal from prominent tourism fairs like OTM. Furthermore, post-COVID travel trends reveal a shift in preferences, with many tourists now opting for international destinations such as Japan and Australia, perceived to be safer and more accessible.

The Road Ahead: Strategy for Revival

To revive tourism in Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh, a well-rounded strategy is needed. First, it’s important to make tourists feel safe by strengthening security and improving visible infrastructure. Rebuilding the region’s image also means returning to global tourism events and running strong digital marketing campaigns. A user-friendly and regularly updated official tourism website should be launched to provide information, virtual tours, safety guidelines, and booking services. The region should also promote adventure and eco-tourism by showcasing activities like trekking, skiing, and cultural experiences, which are in high demand worldwide. Finally, involving local communities is key—offering them training, financial support, and opportunities to be part of tourism efforts will make the industry more inclusive and sustainable.       

URBAN DISPLACEMENT AND ITS MULTIDIMENSIONAL IMPACTS ON HOUSING MARKETS AND INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING AMID INDO-PAK TENSIONS

Mechanisms of Conflict-Induced Displacement

Military actions, such as India’s Operation Sindoor against terror groups along Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, displace citizens directly due to aerial bombing and ground actions. The unpredictability of city warfare leads people to flee cities such as Rajouri and Pahalgam where blasts along the Line of Control render urban settlements uninhabitable. Indirect displacement is initiated after the devastation of critical infrastructure—water supply lines, electricity, and transport networks—disrupts livelihoods and leads people to shift to safer zones.

Housing Market Forces in Destination Cities

Migration inflows stiffen destination city housing markets such as Jaipur and Chandigarh. Rental prices in the cities have risen by 12–15% since May 2025 due to demand for affordable housing. Real estate segment sales have been stagnant due to investor uncertainty, with Anarock, a leading Indian real estate services company recording a 7% quarter-on-quarter decline in Delhi-NCR high-end property sales. This cohabitation is part of a broader phenomenon: migrants opt for affordability, while high-net-worth buyers wait for geopolitical stability.

Construction Inflation and Supply Chain Disruptions

Defence sector demand for steel and cement has pushed up material prices by 8–12%, squeezing developer margins and pushing up completions. CREDAI, the apex body of private real estate developers in India proposed to help with military infrastructure projects such as bunkers and roads has taken away labour and materials from civilian housing, worsening supply shortages. This diversion is a reflection of the real estate industry’s status as a victim and facilitator of conflict economies.

Militarization of Urban Development

Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab’s urban planning institutions are faced with cross-cutting challenges: housing the displaced while protecting critical infrastructure from damage. CREDAI’s initiative to use pre-designed, terrain-suited plans for military housing is a sign of the shift towards tactical urbanism. But such an initiative is sure to neglect environmental protection, as in the rush to build border roads through environmentally fragile zones such as Rajouri.

Cross-Border Coordination Failures

The absence of bilateral arrangements on the resettlement of refugees has left border states like Rajasthan and Gujarat to fend for themselves. The refusal of Pakistan to accept the role of non-state actors in terrorism—illustrated in its military’s cooperation with narco-terror syndicates—has stalled diplomacy. The impasse cancels out transregional proposals, such as the proposed Indus Water Treaty-based urban growth corridor, held up since 2023.

Fiscal Restraints on Decentralised Planning

Conflict state governments allocate 18–22% of their budgets to emergency shelter and repair of infrastructure at the cost of long-term projects like Climate-resilient public transport system. The ₹12,000 crore relief package announced by the Central government for the border states in April 2025 prioritizes the development of bunkers over green urban development, perpetuating ad hoc development patterns.

The ISI-Military-Real Estate Complex of Pakistan

 Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence agency (ISI) employs real estate schemes to launder money from drugs and bankroll terror operations, and terror organizations like Lashkar-e-Taiba have their own construction firms in Muridke and Bahawalpur. The network distorts city economies: in Karachi, 30% of high-rise complexes are terror-funded, over-pricing land and displacing low-income residents.

Investor Perceptions of Conflict Economies

 Foreign direct investment in Indian border states fell 14% since 2024 as pension funds and REITs assigned a material risk to Pakistan’s cross-border attacks. Domestic institutional investors like SBI and HDFC increased exposure to defence-industrial property, betting on long-term returns from militarized urbanization.

The Indo-Pak conflict has a city effect that is paradoxical: conflict destabilizes cities but changes them, creating hybrid spaces of refugee camps, militarized infrastructure, and investor caution. Cross-border urban governance arrangements must be the focus of diplomatic intervention so that displacement crises are not humanitarian catastrophes.

RELIGIOUS-CULTURAL TENSIONS LEADING TO TERRORISM IN INDO-PAK

Misconceptions About Religion and Terrorism

The widespread and unfortunate belief of terrorism’s association with Islam is incorrect and unfair. It is important to understand that terrorism is not a product of any religion but rather a result of brainwashing, poverty, unemployment, political instability, and other socio-economic issues.

Root Causes of Terrorism

In many cases, people who end up in terrorist groups are not initially driven by religious beliefs, but by social and economic struggles. These individuals are often brainwashed and misled by extremist leaders who promise them a better future or manipulate their emotions against their own government or society. Once recruited, they are trained and used as tools of violence under the guise of religion or ideology.

THE GENDERED FOUDATIONS OF WAR

Himanshi Narwal, the widow of Navy Lieutenant Vinay Narwal who was killed in the Pahalgam attack, became a focal point of national attention when she publicly called for peace and cautioned against communal retaliation. Her appeal for justice without vilifying entire communities starkly contrasted with the prevailing narrative of vengeance, leading to a barrage of online abuse, including conspiracy theories accusing her of complicity due to her educational background at JNU, and associations with Kashmiri friends. What should have been a moment of mourning turned into a national interrogation of her character. Such reactions underscore the conditional nature of support extended to women by Hindutva proponents that celebrate women when they align with their ideology, and vilify them when they deviate from it.

Wars do not erupt spontaneously, they are manufactured; and those who profit from it are seldom those who bleed. The war economy extracts both gore and compliance from the working class. Meanwhile, political elites consolidate power through the moral theatrics of ideologies that produce fabricated nationalist belongings.

Propaganda becomes a tool, fuelling “us versus them” narratives, inverting truth, and diluting empathy used for communal profiling. As George Orwell once wrote in 1984, “War is peace” – the government uses this slogan to unite the citizens against a common enemy revealing the dystopian non-fiction foresight of Orwellian logic. The Pahalgam attack’s aftermath saw a surge in Islamophobic rhetoric, with immediate assumptions about the perpetrators’ identities and motivations, even before concrete evidence. This rush to judgment reflects a broader trend where national security incidents are leveraged to advance communal narratives, side-lining detailed investigations.

Across history, from nuclear anxieties and present-day ultra-nationalisms, war has consistently been waged not in defence of people, but in protection of capital, hegemony, and the sovereign fiction of the nation-state.

Feminist scholars argue that the gendered logic of war runs deep. That nationalism turns women into metaphors, as land to be defended, as honour to be restored, and purity to be protected.

Take “Operation Sindoor,” for example launched after the Pahalgam attack. The name invoking the marital mark of Hindu women was framed as a rescue mission. But such symbolic gestures are deeply patriarchal. They evoke the logic of retribution and restitution through the idiom of violated womanhood.

An often-overlooked dimension of militarism is its ecological toll. The military-industrial complex is among the world’s top polluters, yet largely escapes scrutiny in climate discourse.

In India, the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act (AFSPA) grants legal impunity to soldiers in “disturbed” areas. In regions like Kashmir and Bastar, this has led to widespread abuse, especially against women and marginalised communities. Here, as ecofeminists argue, women and nature are both dominated under the same violent logic. This relates to Adorno and Horkheimer’s (The Frankfurt School) warning where the military-industrial complex is not an aberration, but a logical outcome of capitalist modernity.

Against the violent grain of the nation-state, emerges the promise of transnational feminism- a politics that decentres the state and centres solidarity, instead of sovereignty. Feminist scholars like Chandra Talpade Mohanty have critiqued liberal feminism’s complicity with imperial war-making, demanding instead a feminist praxis that is anti-militarist, anti-imperialist, and ethically situated.

According to feminist arguments, the demands are that we stop asking who won, and start asking: Who is still bleeding and who was never heard?

Transnational feminists propose solidarity beyond borders, reimagining citizenship through care, and not conflict. The solution is to then envision a transformation of society and the planet through the ethics of care, and finding a politics based in humanism, instead of glorifying hyper-masculinist principles of war, conquest, genocide, and ecological collapse.

CONCLUSION

The Indo-Pak conflict was a consequence of historical, political, economic and cultural tensions with the involvement of state sponsored terrorism. India took precise and calculated retaliatory actions, aligning with international laws, to the attack that happened on Indian soil to Indian citizens which were wrongfully labelled by Pakistan as acts of war leading to exchange of military forces on either side. On the global stage, world powers displayed contrasting stances- USA’s ambiguity, China’s overt support to Pakistan, Russia’s silent but unwavering support to India, UK’s neutral, peace seeking approach etc. All reflected the world’s concern over the conflict between 2 neighbouring nuclear powers. Conventional and non-conventional means of action like visa bans, restricting access to Pakistani nationals, closing down of airspace and novel measures like the suspension of Indus water treaty further increased pressure on Pakistan. A new dimension of cyber-warfare is being used in the new-age conflicts through fake news and spreading misinformation. Radicalisation of the public by terror groups through social media has become a cause of concern in the digital era. The aftermath of terrorism has adverse impacts on sectors such as tourism, housing markets and infrastructure which are the backbone of state economy. The generalisation of certain religions being associated with terrorism act as a distraction from addressing its root causes. In this context, the feminist perspective serves as a reminder to prioritise peace, care and humanity across borders rather than upholding the divisive ideals of war.

ROLES:

Sahil Yadav-The Action Of Ministry Of External Affairs Of India

Shrestha Ramesh-The Strategic Role Of Water In Terrorism And State Retaliation

Kriti Prajapati-The Digital Face of Terrorism

Omkar Nile– Impacts Of Terrorism On Tourism Activities And Future State Economy

Danvanth K– Urban Displacement And Its Multidimensional Impacts On Housing Markets And Infrastructure Planning Amid Indo-Pak Tensions

Jana Kumar– Religious-Cultural Tensions Leading To Terrorism In Indo-Pak

Sanandita Chakraborty-The Gendered Foundations of War

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